chr7-44149810-A-G

Variant names:

• chr7-44149810-A-G
• rs80356654
• NM_000162.5:c.629T>C

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 12 ACMG points: 12P and 0B. PS4 PM2_Supporting PP1_Strong PP2 PP3 PS3_Supporting

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.629T>C variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK, causes an amino acid change of methionine to threonine at codon 210 (p.(Met210Thr)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and has pathogenic missense variants as a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.982, which is greater than the MDEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). A kinetic analysis of recombinant wild-type (WT) and mutant glucokinase demonstrated that the wild-type kinetic parameters pass the quality control, but the wild-type ATP Km is not between 0.4-0.65, and the p.Met210Thr has Kcat/S0.5<0.5 (PS3_Supporting; PMID:14517946, DOI:10.1007/s001250051289). This variant has an incomputable gnomAD v2.1.1 Popmax filtering allele frequency of due to 0 copies observed in the European non-Finnish population and only 1 copy in another subpopulation (Latino/admixed), thereby meeting the ClinGen MDEP criteria for PM2_Supporting (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 11 unrelated individuals with non-autoimmune and non-absolute/near-absolute insulin-deficient diabetes (PS4; PMIDs: 25555642, 9049484, ClinVar ID: 804852, internal lab contributor). This variant was identified in an individual with a phenotype suggestive of GCK-hyperglycemia; however, PP4 is unable to be evaluated due to insufficient clinical information (internal lab contributor). This variant segregated with diabetes, with 5 informative meioses in 2 families with MODY (PP1_Strong; internal lab contributors). Taken together, the evidence supports the classification of c.629T>C as pathogenic for monogenic diabetes. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 6/7/2023): PP1_Strong, PS4, PS3_Moderate, PP2, PP3, PM2_Supporting. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA367401300/MONDO:0015967/086

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 33)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 6.8e-7 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: GCK NM_000162.5 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:6 U:1
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 9.32

Genes affected

GCK (HGNC:4195): (glucokinase) This gene encodes a member of the hexokinase family of proteins. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of this gene result in distinct protein isoforms that exhibit tissue-specific expression in the pancreas and liver. In the pancreas, this enzyme plays a role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while in the liver, this enzyme is important in glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen. Mutations in this gene that alter enzyme activity have been associated with multiple types of diabetes and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

LOC105375258 (HGNC:):

ACMG classification

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 12 ACMG points.

• PS3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PS4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP1: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GCK	NM_000162.5	c.629T>C	p.Met210Thr	missense_variant	Exon 6 of 10	ENST00000403799.8	NP_000153.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GCK	ENST00000403799.8	c.629T>C	p.Met210Thr	missense_variant	Exon 6 of 10	1	NM_000162.5	ENSP00000384247.3

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 33

GnomAD3 exomes AF: 0.00000398 AC: 1 AN: 251462 Hom.: 0 AF XY: 0.00000736 AC XY: 1 AN XY: 135914

Gnomad AFR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad AMR exome AF: 0.0000289

Gnomad ASJ exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad EAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad SAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad FIN exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad NFE exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad OTH exome AF: 0.00

GnomAD4 exome AF: 6.84e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1461838 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 33 AF XY: 0.00000138 AC XY: 1 AN XY: 727216

Gnomad4 AFR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 AMR exome AF: 0.0000224

Gnomad4 ASJ exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 EAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 SAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 FIN exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 NFE exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 OTH exome AF: 0.00

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 33

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:6 Uncertain:1

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Submissions by phenotype

not provided Pathogenic:3 Uncertain:1

Mar 09, 2018

Genetic Services Laboratory, University of Chicago

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Dec 19, 2024

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change replaces methionine, which is neutral and non-polar, with threonine, which is neutral and polar, at codon 210 of the GCK protein (p.Met210Thr). This variant is present in population databases (no rsID available, gnomAD 0.003%). This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with maturity onset diabetes of the young (PMID: 9049484, 31956423, 34556497). In at least one individual the variant was observed to be de novo. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 804852). Invitae Evidence Modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) has been performed for this missense variant. However, the output from this modeling did not meet the statistical confidence thresholds required to predict the impact of this variant on GCK protein function. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects GCK function (PMID: 10525657). This variant disrupts the p.Met210 amino acid residue in GCK. Other variant(s) that disrupt this residue have been determined to be pathogenic (PMID: 11372010). This suggests that this residue is clinically significant, and that variants that disrupt this residue are likely to be disease-causing. For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

Sep 21, 2018

Athena Diagnostics

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Feb 29, 2024

GeneDx

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Published functional studies demonstrate that this variant causes significantly reduced enzyme activity (PMID: 10525657); Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (gnomAD); Missense variants in this gene are a common cause of disease and they are underrepresented in the general population; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 10525657, 18399931, 27913849, 14517946, 25555642, 9049484) -

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 Pathogenic:1

Jan 07, 2023

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: GCK c.629T>C (p.Met210Thr) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the Hexokinase, N-terminal domain (IPR022672) of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 4e-06 in 251462 control chromosomes. c.629T>C has been reported in the literature in individuals affected with Maturity Onset Diabetes Of The Young 2 (example, Velho_1997, Bennett_2015, Lizarzaburu-Robles_2020, Saint-Martin_2021). These data indicate that the variant is likely to be associated with disease. At-least one study reports experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on Glucokinase kinetic parameters, namely increased Km for ATP binding and decreased Kcat (approximately 12% of WT) for Glucokinase (Davies_1999). Two clinical diagnostic laboratories have submitted clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014 without evidence for independent evaluation. One laboratory classified the variant as pathogenic and one laboratory classified the variant as uncertain significance. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic. -

Monogenic diabetes Pathogenic:1

Jan 18, 2024

ClinGen Monogenic Diabetes Variant Curation Expert Panel

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: reviewed by expert panel

Collection Method: curation

The c.629T>C variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK, causes an amino acid change of methionine to threonine at codon 210 (p.(Met210Thr)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and has pathogenic missense variants as a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.982, which is greater than the MDEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). A kinetic analysis of recombinant wild-type (WT) and mutant glucokinase demonstrated that the wild-type kinetic parameters pass the quality control, but the wild-type ATP Km is not between 0.4-0.65, and the p.Met210Thr has Kcat/S0.5<0.5 (PS3_Supporting; PMID: 14517946, DOI:10.1007/s001250051289). This variant has an incomputable gnomAD v2.1.1 Popmax filtering allele frequency of due to 0 copies observed in the European non-Finnish population and only 1 copy in another subpopulation (Latino/admixed), thereby meeting the ClinGen MDEP criteria for PM2_Supporting (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 11 unrelated individuals with non-autoimmune and non-absolute/near-absolute insulin-deficient diabetes (PS4; PMIDs: 25555642, 9049484, ClinVar ID: 804852, internal lab contributor). This variant was identified in an individual with a phenotype suggestive of GCK-hyperglycemia; however, PP4 is unable to be evaluated due to insufficient clinical information (internal lab contributor). This variant segregated with diabetes, with 5 informative meioses in 2 families with MODY (PP1_Strong; internal lab contributors). Taken together, the evidence supports the classification of c.629T>C as pathogenic for monogenic diabetes. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 6/7/2023): PP1_Strong, PS4, PS3_Moderate, PP2, PP3, PM2_Supporting. -

Type 2 diabetes mellitus;C0342277:Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2;C1865290:Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency;C5393570:Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1 Pathogenic:1

Apr 08, 2024

Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.98
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.50	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.57
CADD	Pathogenic	28
DANN	Uncertain	0.99
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.96	.;D;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.92
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.90
FATHMM_MKL	Uncertain	0.97	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.98	D;D;.;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.33	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	3.0	.;M;.;.;.
PrimateAI	Pathogenic	0.84	D
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-5.8	.;D;D;D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.98
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	.;D;D;D;D
Sift4G	Pathogenic	0.0010	D;D;D;D;D
Polyphen		1.0	D;D;D;D;.
Vest4		0.90
MutPred		0.97		.;Loss of helix (P = 0.1299);.;.;.;
MVP		1.0
MPC		2.4
ClinPred		0.99	D
GERP RS		6.0
Varity_R		0.96
gMVP		1.0

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.030		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs80356654; hg19: chr7-44189409;