BHLHA9
protein-codingbasic helix-loop-helix family member a9, the group of Basic helix-loop-helix proteins
Gene summary
This gene is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family. The encoded protein is a transcription factor involved in limb development. Mutations in this gene have been associated with mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly Malik-Percin type (MSSD). Copy number variation of a locus containing this gene has been linked to a form of split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency (SHFLD3). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]
MANE transcript
Inheritance
ClinVar variants
Top phenotype
gnomAD constraint
Max pathogenic AF
Genomic locus
External References & Databases
Transcript & Mutation Effects
hg38 • Region Span ~1.4 kbGenCC Phenotypes & Disease Associations
Curated gene-disease validity assertions and inheritance patterns
Inheritance Pattern: AD
Disease ID:MONDO:0016576
Submitter: G2P
Inheritance Pattern: AR
Disease ID:MONDO:0012271
Submitter: Orphanet
Inheritance Pattern: AR
Disease ID:MONDO:0012271
Submitter: PanelApp Australia
Inheritance Pattern: AR
Disease ID:MONDO:0011853
Submitter: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)
Inheritance Pattern: AR
Disease ID:MONDO:0012271
Submitter: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)
Inheritance Pattern: AD
Disease ID:MONDO:0018050
Submitter: Ambry Genetics
Inheritance Pattern: AR
Disease ID:MONDO:0012271
Submitter: G2P
Inheritance Pattern: AR
Disease ID:MONDO:0012271
Submitter: Ambry Genetics
Inheritance Pattern: Unknown
Disease ID:MONDO:0007332
Submitter: Ambry Genetics
Clinical Genomic Database (CGD)
Manifestation: Musculoskeletal
Intervention: General
Rationale: Genetic knowledge may be beneficial related to issues such as selection of optimal supportive care, informed medical decision-making, prognostic considerations, and avoidance of unnecessary testing
ClinVar Associated Diseases & Phenotypes
Reported disease conditions connected to BHLHA9 variants in ClinVar
ClinVar Variants & Pathogenicity by Type
Statistics based on transcript NM_001164405.2. Only rare variants are included.
We include only reliable ClinVar variants with their consequences to MANE Select, MANE Plus Clinical transcripts, or transcripts with TSL equal to 1. Click a count to filter the variants table below.
Slight differences between displayed counts and ClinVar may occur due to a different transcript/consequence chosen by our variant effect predictor, or because we classify Benign/Likely benign as Likely benign and Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic as Likely pathogenic.
| Effect | PathogenicP | Likely pathogenicLP | VUS | Likely benignLB | BenignB | Sum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| synonymous | 1 | 19 | 20 | |||
| missense | 2 | 4 | 61 | 7 | 74 | |
| nonsense | 0 | |||||
| start loss | 0 | |||||
| frameshift | 3 | 3 | ||||
| splice donor/acceptor (+/-2bp) | 0 | |||||
| Total | 2 | 4 | 65 | 26 | 0 | 97 |
Highest pathogenic variant AF is 0.00012874373
Transcript Catalog
Annotated transcript isoforms across RefSeq and Ensembl databases
| Transcript ID | Source | Protein ID | Coding Exons | MANE Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RefSeq | NP_001157877.1 | 1 | MANE Select | |
| Ensembl | ENSP00000375248.1 | 1 | MANE Select |
Model Organisms & Knockout Phenotypes
Observed phenotypic effects in mouse and zebrafish models
| Gene / Model | Organism | Observed Phenotype |
|---|---|---|
| bhlha9 | Danio rerio | Structure: pectoral fin Quality: truncated abnormal |
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations & Pathways
Biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components and pathways
Biological Process
- regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
- multicellular organism development
Molecular Function
- DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
- DNA binding
- protein binding
- protein heterodimerization activity
Cellular Component
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
gnomAD Constraint
Source:
- Gene type
- protein_coding
- Transcript type
- protein_coding
- Transcript
- ENST00000391429
- Coding exons
- 1
- Length
- 902
- Individuals with no LoFs
- 0
- Homozygous LoFs
- 0
- Heterozygous LoFs
- 0
- Defined
- 0
- p
- 0.00
| Z-Score | Observed | Expected | Observed/Expected | Mutation Rate | Total Possible | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missense | 0.0222 | 14 | 14.2 | 0.983 | 0.00000119 | 1417 |
| Missense (PolyPhen) | 2 | 1.6851 | 1.1869 | 154 | ||
| Synonymous | -1.16 | 11 | 7.09 | 1.55 | 5.68e-7 | 586 |
| Loss of Function | 0.352 | 0 | 0.144 | 0.00 | 5.99e-9 | 20 |
Population LoF Frequency
| Population | CAF | p-value | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| African | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| Latino/Admixed American | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| Ashkenazi Jewish | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| East Asian | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| Finnish | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| European (Non-Finnish) | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| South Asian | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
| Other | 0 | 0.0 | absent |
dbNSFP Gene Annotations
Source:
- Function
- FUNCTION: Transcription factor, which play a role in limb development. Is an essential player in the regulatory network governing transcription of genes implicated in limb morphogenesis. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22147889, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25466284}.;
- Disease
- DISEASE: Split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency 3 (SHFLD3) [MIM:612576]: A disease characterized by the association of split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency involving the tibia and fibula. Split-hand/foot malformation is a limb malformation involving the central rays of the autopod. Phenotypic expression is extremely variable between and within families, and even between limbs of a single patient, ranging from syndactyly and oligodactyly to the most severe monodactyly with only a single phalanx. Limb features include median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22147889}. Note=Disease susceptibility may be associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry. A copy number variation (CNV) resulting in BHLHA9 duplications is a necessary but not sufficient susceptibility factor for Split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency, a highly variable phenotype with reduced penetrance, particularly in females (PubMed:22147889). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22147889}.; DISEASE: Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction (MSSD) [MIM:609432]: An autosomal recessive, non- syndromic digit anomaly characterized by mesoaxial osseous synostosis at a metacarpal level, reduction of one or more phalanges, hypoplasia of distal phalanges of preaxial and postaxial digits, clinodactyly of fifth fingers, and preaxial fusion of toes. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25466284}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.; DISEASE: Camptosynpolydactyly, complex (CCSPD) [MIM:607539]: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hand and foot deformities consisting of polydactyly with digits arising from the dorsum of hands, syn- and camptodactyly of some fingers, soft tissue syndactyly of first and second toes, and dysplastic nails. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27041388}. Note=The disease may be caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.;
Essentials
- Essential (CRISPR)
- N
- Essential (CRISPR2)
- N
- Essential (gene trap)
- N
- Indispensability pred.
- N
- Indispensability score
- 0.128
Gene Damage Prediction
| All | Recessive | Dominant | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mendelian | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Primary Immunodeficiency | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Cancer | Medium | Medium | Medium |