BHLHA9

protein-coding

basic helix-loop-helix family member a9, the group of Basic helix-loop-helix proteins

Gene summary

This gene is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family. The encoded protein is a transcription factor involved in limb development. Mutations in this gene have been associated with mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly Malik-Percin type (MSSD). Copy number variation of a locus containing this gene has been linked to a form of split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency (SHFLD3). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

MANE transcript

NM_001164405.2

Inheritance

AD, AR

ClinVar variants

P:6U:65B:26

Top phenotype

Camptopolysyndactyly, complex; Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction

gnomAD constraint

pLI —, LoF o/e 0

Max pathogenic AF

—

Genomic locus

chr17:1,270,444-1,271,815

External References & Databases

Transcript & Mutation Effects

hg38 • Region Span ~1.4 kb
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GenCC Phenotypes & Disease Associations

Curated gene-disease validity assertions and inheritance patterns

split hand-foot malformationDEFINITIVE

Inheritance Pattern: AD

Disease ID:MONDO:0016576

Submitter: G2P

mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reductionSUPPORTIVE

Inheritance Pattern: AR

Disease ID:MONDO:0012271

Submitter: Orphanet

mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reductionSTRONG

Inheritance Pattern: AR

Disease ID:MONDO:0012271

Submitter: PanelApp Australia

Camptosynpolydactyly, complexLIMITED

Inheritance Pattern: AR

Disease ID:MONDO:0011853

Submitter: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)

mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reductionSTRONG

Inheritance Pattern: AR

Disease ID:MONDO:0012271

Submitter: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)

tibial aplasia-ectrodactyly syndromeSTRONG

Inheritance Pattern: AD

Disease ID:MONDO:0018050

Submitter: Ambry Genetics

mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reductionDEFINITIVE

Inheritance Pattern: AR

Disease ID:MONDO:0012271

Submitter: G2P

mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reductionSTRONG

Inheritance Pattern: AR

Disease ID:MONDO:0012271

Submitter: Ambry Genetics

split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency 1LIMITED

Inheritance Pattern: Unknown

Disease ID:MONDO:0007332

Submitter: Ambry Genetics

Clinical Genomic Database (CGD)

Camptopolysyndactyly, complex; Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reductionAR

Manifestation: Musculoskeletal

Intervention: General

Rationale: Genetic knowledge may be beneficial related to issues such as selection of optimal supportive care, informed medical decision-making, prognostic considerations, and avoidance of unnecessary testing

Refs: 9783716; 10096595; 15039974; 15779011; 25466284; 27041388Source: CGD (NHGRI)

ClinVar Associated Diseases & Phenotypes

Reported disease conditions connected to BHLHA9 variants in ClinVar

6 Conditions Cataloged
Inborn genetic diseasesTotal: 58
not providedTotal: 35
not specifiedTotal: 9
Mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reductionTotal: 8
BHLHA9-related disorderTotal: 4
Camptosynpolydactyly, complexTotal: 3

ClinVar Variants & Pathogenicity by Type

Statistics based on transcript NM_001164405.2. Only rare variants are included.

We include only reliable ClinVar variants with their consequences to MANE Select, MANE Plus Clinical transcripts, or transcripts with TSL equal to 1. Click a count to filter the variants table below.

Slight differences between displayed counts and ClinVar may occur due to a different transcript/consequence chosen by our variant effect predictor, or because we classify Benign/Likely benign as Likely benign and Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic as Likely pathogenic.

EffectPLPVUSLBBSum
synonymous
1
clinvar
19
clinvar
20
missense
2
clinvar
4
clinvar
61
clinvar
7
clinvar
74
nonsense
0
start loss
0
frameshift
3
clinvar
3
splice donor/acceptor (+/-2bp)
0
Total246526097

Highest pathogenic variant AF is 0.00012874373

Loading ClinVar variants...

Transcript Catalog

Annotated transcript isoforms across RefSeq and Ensembl databases

Showing 2 of 2 transcripts
Transcript IDSourceProtein IDCoding ExonsMANE Status
NM_001164405.2RefSeqNP_001157877.11MANE Select
ENST00000391429.2EnsemblENSP00000375248.11MANE Select

Model Organisms & Knockout Phenotypes

Observed phenotypic effects in mouse and zebrafish models

Gene / ModelOrganismObserved Phenotype
bhlha9Danio rerio

Structure: pectoral fin

Quality: truncated

abnormal

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations & Pathways

Biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components and pathways

Biological Process

  • regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
  • multicellular organism development

Molecular Function

  • DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
  • DNA binding
  • protein binding
  • protein heterodimerization activity

Cellular Component

  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm

gnomAD Constraint

Source: gnomAD

Gene type
protein_coding
Transcript type
protein_coding
Transcript
ENST00000391429
Coding exons
1
Length
902
Individuals with no LoFs
0
Homozygous LoFs
0
Heterozygous LoFs
0
Defined
0
p
0.00
Z-ScoreObservedExpectedObserved/ExpectedMutation RateTotal Possible
Missense0.02221414.20.9830.000001191417
Missense (PolyPhen)21.68511.1869154
Synonymous-1.16117.091.555.68e-7586
Loss of Function0.35200.1440.005.99e-920

Population LoF Frequency

PopulationCAFp-valueStatus
African00.0absent
Latino/Admixed American00.0absent
Ashkenazi Jewish00.0absent
East Asian00.0absent
Finnish00.0absent
European (Non-Finnish)00.0absent
South Asian00.0absent
Other00.0absent

dbNSFP Gene Annotations

Source: dbNSFP

Function
FUNCTION: Transcription factor, which play a role in limb development. Is an essential player in the regulatory network governing transcription of genes implicated in limb morphogenesis. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22147889, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25466284}.;
Disease
DISEASE: Split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency 3 (SHFLD3) [MIM:612576]: A disease characterized by the association of split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency involving the tibia and fibula. Split-hand/foot malformation is a limb malformation involving the central rays of the autopod. Phenotypic expression is extremely variable between and within families, and even between limbs of a single patient, ranging from syndactyly and oligodactyly to the most severe monodactyly with only a single phalanx. Limb features include median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22147889}. Note=Disease susceptibility may be associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry. A copy number variation (CNV) resulting in BHLHA9 duplications is a necessary but not sufficient susceptibility factor for Split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency, a highly variable phenotype with reduced penetrance, particularly in females (PubMed:22147889). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22147889}.; DISEASE: Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction (MSSD) [MIM:609432]: An autosomal recessive, non- syndromic digit anomaly characterized by mesoaxial osseous synostosis at a metacarpal level, reduction of one or more phalanges, hypoplasia of distal phalanges of preaxial and postaxial digits, clinodactyly of fifth fingers, and preaxial fusion of toes. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25466284}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.; DISEASE: Camptosynpolydactyly, complex (CCSPD) [MIM:607539]: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hand and foot deformities consisting of polydactyly with digits arising from the dorsum of hands, syn- and camptodactyly of some fingers, soft tissue syndactyly of first and second toes, and dysplastic nails. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27041388}. Note=The disease may be caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.;

Essentials

Essential (CRISPR)
N
Essential (CRISPR2)
N
Essential (gene trap)
N
Indispensability pred.
N
Indispensability score
0.128

Gene Damage Prediction

AllRecessiveDominant
MendelianMediumMediumMedium
Primary ImmunodeficiencyMediumMediumMedium
CancerMediumMediumMedium
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