19-11120436-C-T
Variant summary
Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 20 ACMG points: 20P and 0B. PS1_ModeratePM1PM2PM5PP3_StrongPP5_Very_Strong
The ENST00000558518.6(LDLR):c.2054C>T(p.Pro685Leu) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.0000347 in 1,614,026 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★). Another nucleotide change resulting in same amino acid change has been previously reported as Likely pathogenicin UniProt. Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. P685R) has been classified as Likely pathogenic.
Frequency
Consequence
ENST00000558518.6 missense
Scores
Clinical Significance
Conservation
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ACMG classification
Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 20 ACMG points.
Transcripts
RefSeq
Gene | Transcript | HGVSc | HGVSp | Effect | #exon/exons | MANE | Protein | UniProt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDLR | NM_000527.5 | c.2054C>T | p.Pro685Leu | missense_variant | 14/18 | ENST00000558518.6 | NP_000518.1 |
Ensembl
Gene | Transcript | HGVSc | HGVSp | Effect | #exon/exons | TSL | MANE | Protein | Appris | UniProt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDLR | ENST00000558518.6 | c.2054C>T | p.Pro685Leu | missense_variant | 14/18 | 1 | NM_000527.5 | ENSP00000454071 | P3 |
Frequencies
GnomAD3 genomes AF: 0.0000394 AC: 6AN: 152214Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32
GnomAD3 exomes AF: 0.0000279 AC: 7AN: 251236Hom.: 0 AF XY: 0.0000294 AC XY: 4AN XY: 135840
GnomAD4 exome AF: 0.0000342 AC: 50AN: 1461812Hom.: 0 Cov.: 35 AF XY: 0.0000316 AC XY: 23AN XY: 727220
GnomAD4 genome AF: 0.0000394 AC: 6AN: 152214Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.0000403 AC XY: 3AN XY: 74366
ClinVar
Submissions by phenotype
Hypercholesterolemia, familial, 1 Pathogenic:18
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Robarts Research Institute, Western University | - | - - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | literature only | OMIM | Dec 01, 1992 | - - |
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation | Nov 05, 2016 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Brunham Lab, Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia | Jan 21, 2019 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health | Aug 29, 2024 | This missense variant replaces proline with leucine at codon 685 of the EGF-like repeat C in the EGF precursor homology domain of the LDLR protein. This variant is also known as p.Pro664Leu in the mature protein. Computational prediction suggests that this variant may have a deleterious impact on protein structure and function (internally defined REVEL score threshold >= 0.7, PMID: 27666373). Functional assays have demonstrated that the variant protein shows defective processing, accelerated turnover, reduced cell surface expression and impaired LDLR activity (PMID: 1464748, 25647241, 2920733, 3816797). This variant has been reported in over 200 individuals affected with familial hypercholesterolemia (PMID: 7583548, 9763532, 1464748, 1493640, 15199436, 1884514, 19318025, 19446849, 20828696, 21310417, 21382890, 22390909, 23375686, 23680767, 26343872, 26892515, 33740630, 34456200, 35052492, 36422519). It has been shown that this variant segregates with disease in multiple affected individuals across two large families (PMID: 1493640, 1830890, 2726768). This variant has been identified in 9/282638 chromosomes in the general population by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). A different variant affecting the same codon, p.Pro685Ser, is considered to be disease-causing (ClinVar variation ID: 252194), suggesting that proline at this position is important for LDLR protein function. Based on the available evidence, this variant is classified as Pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Laboratory of molecular diagnosis of dyslipidemias, Università egli studi di Napoli Federico II | May 24, 2021 | - - |
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | literature only | LDLR-LOVD, British Heart Foundation | Mar 25, 2016 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Cardiovascular Research Group, Instituto Nacional de Saude Doutor Ricardo Jorge | Mar 01, 2016 | 0/200 non-FH alleles - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA - Fiona Stanley Hospital | Apr 13, 2010 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo | Mar 01, 2016 | - - |
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Chromosomique, Unité de génétique de l'Obésité et des Dyslipidémies, APHP, GH Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière / Charles-Foix | Dec 16, 2016 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Fundacion Hipercolesterolemia Familiar | Mar 01, 2016 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | U4M - Lille University & CHRU Lille, Université de Lille - CHRU de Lille | Mar 30, 2017 | - - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | research | Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Diagnostiek Experimentele Vasculaire Geneeskunde, Academisch Medisch Centrum | - | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Iberoamerican FH Network | Mar 01, 2016 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics | Oct 22, 2021 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Revvity Omics, Revvity | Apr 21, 2022 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Juno Genomics, Hangzhou Juno Genomics, Inc | - | PM2_Supporting+PM3+PS4+PP1_Strong+PS3_Supporting - |
not provided Pathogenic:8Other:1
not provided, no classification provided | in vitro | Dept. of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Labs | - | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | GeneDx | May 06, 2022 | In silico analysis supports that this missense variant has a deleterious effect on protein structure/function; Published functional studies demonstrate that this variant disrupts LDL receptor activity and inhibits LDL-uptake in cells (King-Underwood et al., 1991; Rubinsztein et al., 1992; Tada et al., 2009; Thormaehlen et al., 2015); Also known as P664L and FH Gujerat/Frosinone-1/Kanazawa-2; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 17142622, 19446849, 11031227, 30592178, 31447099, 1884514, 7583548, 2726768, 1830890, 1464748, 1493640, 9254862, 9763532, 17347910, 20828696, 21382890, 21310417, 22390909, 23155708, 23680767, 24529145, 25647241, 25487149, 26892515, 27831900, 24507775, 28965616, 30526649, 30112042, 30971288, 19013141, 23669246, 31491741, 34040191, 34570182, 32977124, 32041611, 32770674, 32331935, 33740630, 34037665, 33087929, 27535533, 26582918, 23375686) - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen | - | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano | Dec 23, 2020 | This variant has been reported in individuals affected with homozygous or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in the published literature (PMID: 26892515 (2016), 26343872 (2015), 22698793 (2012), 18718593 (2009), 12417285 (2002), 9763532 (1998), 1830890 (1991), 2726768 (1989)). Additionally, functional studies indicate that this variant is damaging to LDL receptor function (PMID: 25647241 (2015), 19013141 (2009), 18718593 (2009)). This variant has also been reported to segregate with hypercholesterolemia in multiple families (PMID: 23155708 (2012), 18718593 (2009), 2726768 (1989)). Therefore, the variant is classified as pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center | - | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | CeGaT Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen | Mar 01, 2024 | LDLR: PM1, PM5, PS3:Moderate, PS4:Moderate, PM2:Supporting, PP1, PP4 - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Mayo Clinic Laboratories, Mayo Clinic | Feb 09, 2023 | PP1_strong, PP3, PP4, PM1, PS3 - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories | Nov 29, 2022 | The LDLR c.2054C>T; p.Pro685Leu variant (rs28942084), also known as P664L, is reported in numerous individuals affected with homozygous or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, and shown to segregate with hypercholesterolemia in multiple families (Cheng 2018, Lee 2019, Miyake 2009, Pandey 2016, Sharifi 2016, Soutar 1989, Sturm 2021). This variant is also reported in ClinVar (Variation ID: 3702). Furthermore, functional analyses demonstrate an affect of this variant on protein function (Rubinsztein 1992, Tada 2009, Thormaehlen 2015). This variant is found in the general population with an overall allele frequency of 0.003% (9/282638 alleles) in the Genome Aggregation Database. The proline at codon 685 is highly conserved, and computational analyses predict that this variant is deleterious (REVEL: 0.883). Based on available information, this variant is considered to be pathogenic. References: Cheng X et al. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in low density lipoprotein receptor gene causes a severe phenotype in a Chinese hypercholesterolemia family. Exp Ther Med. 2018 Aug;16(2):901-907. PMID: 30112042. Lee C et al. Effects of familial hypercholesterolemia-associated genes on the phenotype of premature myocardial infarction. Lipids Health Dis. 2019 Apr 11;18(1):95. PMID: 30971288. Miyake Y et al. Update of Japanese common LDLR gene mutations and their phenotypes: Mild type mutation L547V might predominate in the Japanese population. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Mar;203(1):153-60. PMID: 18718593. Pandey S et al. Cascade Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: PCR Methods with Melting-Curve Genotyping for the Targeted Molecular Detection of Apolipoprotein B and LDL Receptor Gene Mutations to Identify Affected Relatives. J Appl Lab Med. 2016 Sep 1;1(2):109-118. PMID: 33626794. Rubinsztein DC et al. Identification and properties of the proline664-leucine mutant LDL receptor in South Africans of Indian origin. J Lipid Res. 1992 Nov;33(11):1647-55. PMID: 1464748. Sharifi M et al. The genetic spectrum of familial hypercholesterolemia in south-eastern Poland. Metabolism. 2016 Mar;65(3):48-53. PMID: 26892515. Soutar AK et al. Identification of a point mutation in growth factor repeat C of the low density lipoprotein-receptor gene in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia that affects ligand binding and intracellular movement of receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jun;86(11):4166-70. PMID: 2726768. Sturm AC et al. Limited-Variant Screening vs Comprehensive Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia Diagnosis. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Aug 1;6(8):902-909. PMID: 34037665. Tada H et al. A novel method for determining functional LDL receptor activity in familial hypercholesterolemia: application of the CD3/CD28 assay in lymphocytes. Clin Chim Acta. 2009 Feb;400(1-2):42-7. PMID: 19013141. Thormaehlen AS et al. Systematic cell-based phenotyping of missense alleles empowers rare variant association studies: a case for LDLR and myocardial infarction. PLoS Genet. 2015 Feb 3;11(2):e1004855. PMID: 25647241. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Skane University Hospital Lund | Jul 13, 2022 | - - |
Familial hypercholesterolemia Pathogenic:6
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Witwatersrand | Jul 01, 2023 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp | Jun 10, 2020 | Variant summary: LDLR c.2054C>T (p.Pro685Leu) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the EGF-like domain (IPR000742) of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 2.8e-05 in 251236 control chromosomes. c.2054C>T has been extensively reported in the literature in multiple individuals affected with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (example, Tichy_2012, Bertolini_2013, Soutar_1989, Futema_2013). These data indicate that the variant is very likely to be associated with disease. Several publications report experimental evidence evaluating an impact on LDL-receptor activity (example, Bertolini_2013, Bertolini_1999, Knight_1989). The most pronounced variant effect results in 10%-<30% of normal activity. Twelve clinical diagnostic laboratories have submitted clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014 without evidence for independent evaluation. All laboratories classified the variant as pathogenic (n=9)/likely pathogenic (n=3). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp | Jan 17, 2024 | This sequence change replaces proline, which is neutral and non-polar, with leucine, which is neutral and non-polar, at codon 685 of the LDLR protein (p.Pro685Leu). This variant is present in population databases (rs28942084, gnomAD 0.01%). This missense change has been observed in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (PMID: 2726768, 11031227, 12124988, 15359125, 18718593, 21382890, 23155708, 23375686, 23669246). It has also been observed to segregate with disease in related individuals. This variant is also known as p.Pro664Leu. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 3702). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt LDLR protein function with a positive predictive value of 95%. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects LDLR function (PMID: 19013141). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | Natera, Inc. | Feb 19, 2021 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health | Oct 12, 2023 | This missense variant replaces proline with leucine at codon 685 of the EGF-like repeat C in the EGF precursor homology domain of the LDLR protein. This variant is also known as p.Pro664Leu in the mature protein. Computational prediction suggests that this variant may have a deleterious impact on protein structure and function (internally defined REVEL score threshold >= 0.7, PMID: 27666373). Functional assays have demonstrated that the variant protein shows defective processing, accelerated turnover, reduced cell surface expression and impaired LDLR activity (PMID: 1464748, 25647241, 2920733, 3816797). This variant has been reported in over 200 individuals affected with familial hypercholesterolemia (PMID: 7583548, 9763532, 1464748, 1493640, 15199436, 1884514, 19318025, 19446849, 20828696, 21310417, 21382890, 22390909, 23375686, 23680767, 26343872, 26892515, 33740630, 34456200, 35052492, 36422519). It has been shown that this variant segregates with disease in multiple affected individuals across two large families (PMID: 1493640, 1830890, 2726768). This variant has been identified in 9/282638 chromosomes in the general population by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). A different variant affecting the same codon, p.Pro685Ser, is considered to be disease-causing (ClinVar variation ID: 252194), suggesting that proline at this position is important for LDLR protein function. Based on the available evidence, this variant is classified as Pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Human Genome Sequencing Center Clinical Lab, Baylor College of Medicine | Apr 27, 2021 | - - |
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine | Dec 21, 2015 | The p.Pro685Leu variant in LDLR, also described as p.Pro664Leu in the literature , has been reported in >40 individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), segregated with disease in >40 affected relatives from at least 4 families, and was identified in the homozygous state in at least 10 individuals with FH (Berto lini 2013, Sharifi 2016, Medeiros 2010,Rubinsztein 1992, Soutar 1989, Soutar 199 1, Thormaehlen 2015, Van Der Graaf 2011). This variant has also been reported by other clinical laboratories in Clinvar (Variation ID 3702) and was identified i n 6/126656 European chromosomes by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD, http ://gnomad.broadinstitute.org; dbSNP rs28942084). However, this frequency is low enough to be consistent with the frequency of FH in the general population. In v itro functional studies provide some evidence that the p.Pro685Leu variant may i mpact protein function (Knight 1989, Rubinsztein 1992, Thormaehlen 2015). In sum mary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as pathogenic for familial hy percholesterolemia in an autosomal dominant manner based upon presence in multip le affected individuals, segregation studies, low frequency in controls and func tional evidence. ACMG/AMP Criteria applied: PS4, PP1_Strong, PM2, PS3_Supporting . - |
LDLR-related disorder Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences | Aug 28, 2024 | The LDLR c.2054C>T variant is predicted to result in the amino acid substitution p.Pro685Leu. This variant has been repeatedly reported to be causative for hypercholesterolemia (see for example at Bertolini et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 23375686; Hori et al. 2019. PubMed ID: 31491741; Gratton et al. 2023. PubMed ID: 37409534). This variant is reported in 0.012% of alleles in individuals of African descent in gnomAD. This variant is interpreted as pathogenic or likely pathogenic in ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/3702/). This variant is interpreted as pathogenic. - |
Cardiovascular phenotype Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Ambry Genetics | Jun 30, 2023 | The c.2054C>T (p.P685L) alteration is located in exon 14 (coding exon 14) of the LDLR gene. This alteration results from a C to T substitution at nucleotide position 2054, causing the proline (P) at amino acid position 685 to be replaced by a leucine (L). Based on data from gnomAD, the T allele has an overall frequency of 0.003% (9/282638) total alleles studied. The highest observed frequency was 0.012% (3/24966) of African alleles. This alteration (also referred to as p.P664L) has been described in multiple individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia from varying ethnic backgrounds, including homozygous and compound heterozygous cases, and has been reported to segregate with disease in several families (Soutar, 1989; King-Underwood, 1991; Defesche, 1992; Maruyama, 1995; Mak, 1998; Leren, 2004; Alonso, 2009; Guardamagna, 2009; Medeiros, 2010; Shin, 2015). This amino acid position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. This alteration has been reported to result in defective LDLR activity in studies of patient derived cells (Knight, 1989; King-Underwood, 1991; Tada, 2009). This alteration is predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Based on the available evidence, this alteration is classified as pathogenic. - |
Computational scores
Source:
Splicing
Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at