3-12584929-T-C

Variant names:

Variant summary

Our verdict is Likely benign. Variant got -2 ACMG points: 3P and 5B. PM1PP2BP6BS2

The NM_002880.4(RAF1):c.1721A>G(p.Tyr574Cys) variant causes a missense change. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.000139 in 1,614,072 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity (no stars).

Frequency

Genomes: 𝑓 0.00012 ( 0 hom., cov: 32)

Exomes 𝑓: 0.00014 ( 0 hom. )

Consequence

RAF1
NM_002880.4 missense

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity criteria provided, conflicting classifications U:8B:7

Conservation

PhyloP100: 4.25

Variant links:

Genes affected

RAF1 (HGNC:9829): (Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) This gene is the cellular homolog of viral raf gene (v-raf). The encoded protein is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), which functions downstream of the Ras family of membrane associated GTPases to which it binds directly. Once activated, the cellular RAF1 protein can phosphorylate to activate the dual specificity protein kinases MEK1 and MEK2, which in turn phosphorylate to activate the serine/threonine specific protein kinases, ERK1 and ERK2. Activated ERKs are pleiotropic effectors of cell physiology and play an important role in the control of gene expression involved in the cell division cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with Noonan syndrome 5 and LEOPARD syndrome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RAF1 links:

MKRN2 (HGNC:7113): (makorin ring finger protein 2) This gene encodes a probable E3 ubiquitin ligase containing several zinc finger domains, that is a member of the makorin RING zinc-finger protein family. This gene overlaps the v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (RAF1) gene in an antisense orientation and may have a co-regulatory function with RAF1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

MKRN2 links:

Genome browser will be placed here

ACMG classification

Classification made for transcript

Verdict is Likely_benign. Variant got -2 ACMG points.

PM1

In a domain Protein kinase (size 260) in uniprot entity RAF1_HUMAN there are 6 pathogenic changes around while only 1 benign (86%) in NM_002880.4

PP2

Missense variant in the RAF1 gene, where missense mutations are typically associated with disease (based on misZ statistic). The gene has 47 curated pathogenic missense variants (we use a threshold of 10). The gene has 39 curated benign missense variants. Gene score misZ: 2.4628 (below the threshold of 3.09). Trascript score misZ: 3.4185 (above the threshold of 3.09). GenCC associations: The gene is linked to Noonan syndrome 5, dilated cardiomyopathy 1NN, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy, LEOPARD syndrome 2, Costello syndrome.

BP6

Variant 3-12584929-T-C is Benign according to our data. Variant chr3-12584929-T-C is described in ClinVar as [Conflicting_classifications_of_pathogenicity]. Clinvar id is 177842.We mark this variant Likely_benign, oryginal submissions are: {Likely_benign=4, Benign=2, Uncertain_significance=7}.

BS2

High AC in GnomAd4 at 19 AD gene.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
RAF1	NM_002880.4 link	c.1721A>G	p.Tyr574Cys	missense_variant	Exon 16 of 17	ENST00000251849.9	NP_002871.1	P04049-1L7RRS6

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
RAF1	ENST00000251849.9 link	c.1721A>G	p.Tyr574Cys	missense_variant	Exon 16 of 17	1	NM_002880.4	ENSP00000251849.4		P04049-1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes

AF:

0.000125

AC:

AN:

152196

Hom.:

Cov.:

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR

AF:

0.0000241

Gnomad AMI

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR

AF:

0.00

Gnomad ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad SAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad MID

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE

AF:

0.000265

Gnomad OTH

AF:

0.00

GnomAD3 exomes

AF:

0.000179

AC:

AN:

251334

Hom.:

AF XY:

0.000221

AC XY:

AN XY:

135832

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR exome

AF:

0.000123

Gnomad AMR exome

AF:

0.0000289

Gnomad ASJ exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad SAS exome

AF:

0.000131

Gnomad FIN exome

AF:

0.000185

Gnomad NFE exome

AF:

0.000290

Gnomad OTH exome

AF:

0.000163

GnomAD4 exome

AF:

0.000141

AC:

206

AN:

1461876

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.000154

AC XY:

112

AN XY:

727238

show subpopulations

Gnomad4 AFR exome

AF:

0.0000597

Gnomad4 AMR exome

AF:

0.0000224

Gnomad4 ASJ exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 EAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 SAS exome

AF:

0.000209

Gnomad4 FIN exome

AF:

0.000150

Gnomad4 NFE exome

AF:

0.000151

Gnomad4 OTH exome

AF:

0.000149

GnomAD4 genome

AF:

0.000125

AC:

AN:

152196

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.000175

AC XY:

AN XY:

74340

show subpopulations

Gnomad4 AFR

AF:

0.0000241

Gnomad4 AMR

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 EAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 SAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 NFE

AF:

0.000265

Gnomad4 OTH

AF:

0.00

Alfa

AF:

0.000198

Hom.:

Bravo

AF:

0.0000907

TwinsUK

AF:

0.00108

AC:

ALSPAC

AF:

0.00

AC:

ESP6500AA

AF:

0.000227

AC:

ESP6500EA

AF:

0.00

AC:

ExAC

AF:

0.000214

AC:

EpiCase

AF:

0.000218

EpiControl

AF:

0.000652

ClinVar

Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

Submissions summary: Uncertain:8Benign:7

Revision: criteria provided, conflicting classifications

LINK: link

Submissions by phenotype

not provided

Uncertain:1Benign:2

Jan 23, 2019

GeneDx

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 27050224, 29522511) -

Nov 15, 2019

Revvity Omics, Revvity

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Aug 01, 2024

CeGaT Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

RAF1: PP3, BS2 -

not specified

Uncertain:1Benign:1

Oct 07, 2024

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: RAF1 c.1721A>G (p.Tyr574Cys) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the Protein kinase domain (IPR000719) of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.00018 in 251334 control chromosomes, predominantly at a frequency of 0.00029 within the Non-Finnish European subpopulation in the gnomAD database. The observed variant frequency within Non-Finnish European control individuals in the gnomAD database is approximately 11.6 fold of the estimated maximal expected allele frequency for a pathogenic variant in RAF1 causing Noonan Syndrome And Related Conditions phenotype (2.5e-05). c.1721A>G has been reported in the literature in individuals affected with core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (Zhang_2015), Idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance (Molteni_2023), and prostate cancer (Liang_2022). These reports do not provide unequivocal conclusions about association of the variant with Noonan Syndrome And Related Conditions. To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 177842). One ClinVar submission reports the variant to co-occur with a likely pathogenic PTPN11 variant in two affected individuals in a family (variant was not specified), in addition, it also reports the variant of interest in an unaffected parent; these data provide supporting evidence for a benign role. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 26580448, 37216690, 36095024). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely benign. -

Jul 01, 2016

Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant classified as Uncertain Significance - Favor Benign. The p.Tyr574Cys var iant in RAF1 has been identified by our laboratory in 3 individuals with clinica l features of Noonan syndrome and in two of these cases it was inherited from a parent. The first individual inherited it from an unaffected parent. The second inherited it from a mildly affected parent; however, both the proband and mildly affected parent carried an additional likely pathogenic variant in PTPN11 sugge sting that the p.Tyr574Cys variant may not be the cause of their phenotype (LMM Data). This variant has been identified in 20/66732 European chromosomes by the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC, http://exac.broadinstitute.org; dbSNP rs3702 42565). Computational prediction tools and conservation analysis do not provide strong support for or against an impact to the protein. In summary, while the cl inical significance of the p.Tyr574Cys variant is uncertain, these data suggest that it is more likely to be benign. -

Noonan syndrome 5

Uncertain:1Benign:1

May 06, 2021

Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Based on the classification scheme VCGS_Germline_v1.3.4, this variant is classified as likely benign. Following criteria are met: 0103 - Loss of function and gain of function are known mechanisms of disease in this gene. Gain of function associated with Noonan (MIM#611553) and LEOPARD syndromes (MIM#2611554) with HCM, while loss of function associated non-HCM-associated variants (PMID: 17603483, 17603482). (I) 0107 - This gene is associated with autosomal dominant disease. (I) 0200 - Variant is predicted to result in a missense amino acid change from tyrosine to cysteine. (I) 0251 - This variant is heterozygous. (I) 0308 - Population frequency for this variant is out of keeping with known incidence of Noonan syndrome (MIM#611553). (SB) 0501 - Missense variant consistently predicted to be damaging by multiple in silico tools or highly conserved with a major amino acid change. (SP) 0600 - Variant is located in the annotated kinase domain (PDB). (I) 0705 - No comparable missense variants have previous evidence for pathogenicity. (I) 0808 - Previous reports of pathogenicity for this variant are conflicting. This variant has been classified both as a VUS and likely benign by diagnostic laboratories in Clinvar (ClinVar). (I) 0905 - No published segregation evidence has been identified for this variant. (I) 1007 - No published functional evidence has been identified for this variant. (I) 1208 - Inheritance information for this variant is not currently available in this individual. (I) Legend: (SP) - Supporting pathogenic, (I) - Information, (SB) - Supporting benign -

Jan 13, 2018

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant was observed in the ICSL laboratory as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. It had not been previously curated by ICSL or reported in the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD: prior to June 1st, 2018), and was therefore a candidate for classification through an automated scoring system. Utilizing variant allele frequency, disease prevalence and penetrance estimates, and inheritance mode, an automated score was calculated to assess if this variant is too frequent to cause the disease. Based on the score, this variant could not be ruled out of causing disease and therefore its association with disease required further investigation. A literature search was performed for the gene, cDNA change, and amino acid change (if applicable). No publications were found based on this search. This variant was therefore classified as a variant of unknown significance for this disease. -

LEOPARD syndrome 2;C1969057:Noonan syndrome 5;C4014656:Dilated cardiomyopathy 1NN

Uncertain:1

Nov 26, 2023

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: research

- -

Noonan syndrome

Uncertain:1

Jul 22, 2021

St. Jude Molecular Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The RAF1 c.1721A>G (p.Tyr574Cys) missense change has a maximum subpopulation frequency of 0.029% in gnomAD v2.1.1 (BS1; https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/3-12626428-T-C). This variant occurs in a gene where missense variants are more likely to be damaging based on methods described by Lek et al. (PP2; PMID: 27535533). Five of seven in silico tools predict a deleterious effect of this variant on protein function (PP3), but to our knowledge these predictions have not been confirmed by functional assays. To our knowledge, this variant has not been reported in individuals with RASopathy conditions. In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as of uncertain significance based on the ACMG/AMP criteria, as specified by the RASopathy Variant Curation Expert Panel (PMID:29493581): BS1, PP2, PP3. -

Primary familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Uncertain:1

Aug 08, 2016

Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Montreal Heart Institute

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Cardiovascular phenotype

Uncertain:1

Mar 29, 2024

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The p.Y574C variant (also known as c.1721A>G), located in coding exon 15 of the RAF1 gene, results from an A to G substitution at nucleotide position 1721. The tyrosine at codon 574 is replaced by cysteine, an amino acid with highly dissimilar properties. This variant was reported in exome findings from a superior coloboma cohort; however, clinical details were limited (Hocking JC et al. PLoS Genet., 2018 03;14:e1007246). This amino acid position is well conserved in available vertebrate species. In addition, the in silico prediction for this alteration is inconclusive. Based on the available evidence, the clinical significance of this alteration remains unclear. -

RASopathy

Uncertain:1

Jan 05, 2025

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change replaces tyrosine, which is neutral and polar, with cysteine, which is neutral and slightly polar, at codon 574 of the RAF1 protein (p.Tyr574Cys). This variant is present in population databases (rs370242565, gnomAD 0.03%), and has an allele count higher than expected for a pathogenic variant. This variant has not been reported in the literature in individuals affected with RAF1-related conditions. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 177842). Invitae Evidence Modeling incorporating data from in vitro experimental studies (internal data) indicates that this missense variant is not expected to disrupt RAF1 function with a negative predictive value of 80%. In summary, the available evidence is currently insufficient to determine the role of this variant in disease. Therefore, it has been classified as a Variant of Uncertain Significance. -

LEOPARD syndrome 2

Benign:1

Jan 13, 2018

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant was observed in the ICSL laboratory as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. It had not been previously curated by ICSL or reported in the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD: prior to June 1st, 2018), and was therefore a candidate for classification through an automated scoring system. Utilizing variant allele frequency, disease prevalence and penetrance estimates, and inheritance mode, an automated score was calculated to assess if this variant is too frequent to cause the disease. Based on the score and internal cut-off values, a variant classified as benign is not then subjected to further curation. The score for this variant resulted in a classification of benign for this disease. -

Hereditary cancer

Benign:1

Feb 26, 2025

Mendelics

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is considered likely benign or benign based on one or more of the following: it is predicted to be benign by multiple in silico algorithms, and/or has population frequency not consistent with disease, and/or has normal protein function, and/or has lack of segregation with disease, and/or has been detected in co-occurrence with known pathogenic variant, and/or has lack of disease association in case-control studies, and/or is located in a region inconsistent with a known cause of pathogenicity. -

RAF1-related disorder

Benign:1

Apr 03, 2020

PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is classified as likely benign based on ACMG/AMP sequence variant interpretation guidelines (Richards et al. 2015 PMID: 25741868, with internal and published modifications). -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

AlphaMissense

Benign

0.14

BayesDel_addAF

Uncertain

0.025

BayesDel_noAF

Uncertain

0.10

CADD

Pathogenic

DANN

Uncertain

1.0

DEOGEN2

Pathogenic

0.87

D;.;D

Eigen

Uncertain

0.55

Eigen_PC

Uncertain

0.58

FATHMM_MKL

Uncertain

0.96

LIST_S2

Benign

0.81

T;T;T

M_CAP

Uncertain

0.16

MetaRNN

Uncertain

0.68

D;D;D

MetaSVM

Uncertain

0.23

MutationAssessor

Benign

1.4

L;.;.

PrimateAI

Pathogenic

0.87

PROVEAN

Uncertain

-3.1

D;D;D

REVEL

Pathogenic

0.69

Sift

Uncertain

0.0070

D;D;D

Sift4G

Uncertain

0.017

D;D;D

Polyphen

0.99

D;.;.

Vest4

0.81

MVP

0.81

MPC

0.33

ClinPred

0.11

GERP RS

5.5

RBP_binding_hub_radar

0.0

RBP_regulation_power_radar

1.7

Varity_R

0.79

gMVP

0.88

Splicing

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

SpliceAI score (max)

0.0

Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Below is the list of publications found by LitVar. It may be empty.

Variant summary

Frequency

Consequence

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conservation

ACMG classification

Transcripts

RefSeq

Ensembl

Frequencies

ClinVar

Submissions by phenotype

Computational scores

Splicing

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over