3-12599717-C-G

Variant names:

• chr3-12599717-C-G
• rs397516813
• NM_002880.4:c.1082G>C

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 10 ACMG points: 10P and 0B. PP2 PP3 PM2 PS4_Moderate PM6_Strong

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.1082G>C (p.Gly361Ala) variant in RAF1 has been reported in the literature in at least 2 unconfirmed de novo occurrences in patients with clinical features of a RASopathy (PM6_Strong; GeneDx, Institute of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg internal data; GTR ID's: 26957, 506381 ClinVar SCV000209024.9). The p.Gly361Ala variant has been identified in at least 4 independent occurrences in patients with a RASopathy (PS4_Moderate; GeneDx, Partners LMM, Institute of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg internal data; GTR ID's: 26957, 21766, 506381; SCV000209024.9, SCV000061333.5). This variant was absent from large population studies (PM2; ExAC, http://exac.broadinstitute.org). The variant is located in the RAF1 gene, which has been defined by the ClinGen RASopathy Expert Panel as a gene with a low rate of benign missense variants and pathogenic missense variants are common (PP2; PMID:29493581). Computational prediction tools and conservation analysis suggest that the p.Gly361Ala variant may impact the protein (PP3). In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as likely pathogenic for RASopathies in an autosomal dominant manner. RASopathy-specific ACMG/AMP criteria applied (PMID:29493581): PM6_Strong, PS4_Moderate, PM2, PP2, PP3. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA134687/MONDO:0021060/004

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
• Consequence: RAF1 NM_002880.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:8
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 7.90
• Publications: 19 publications found

Genes affected

RAF1 (HGNC:9829): (Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) This gene is the cellular homolog of viral raf gene (v-raf). The encoded protein is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), which functions downstream of the Ras family of membrane associated GTPases to which it binds directly. Once activated, the cellular RAF1 protein can phosphorylate to activate the dual specificity protein kinases MEK1 and MEK2, which in turn phosphorylate to activate the serine/threonine specific protein kinases, ERK1 and ERK2. Activated ERKs are pleiotropic effectors of cell physiology and play an important role in the control of gene expression involved in the cell division cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with Noonan syndrome 5 and LEOPARD syndrome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RAF1 Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• Noonan syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet, ClinGen
• Noonan syndrome 5

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics, PanelApp Australia, G2P
• dilated cardiomyopathy 1NN

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG, LIMITED Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics
• LEOPARD syndrome 2

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)
• familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE, LIMITED Submitted by: Orphanet, ClinGen
• cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: NO_KNOWN Submitted by: ClinGen
• Costello syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: NO_KNOWN Submitted by: ClinGen

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 10 ACMG points.

• PS4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM6: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
RAF1	NM_002880.4	c.1082G>C	p.Gly361Ala	missense_variant	Exon 10 of 17	ENST00000251849.9	NP_002871.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
RAF1	ENST00000251849.9	c.1082G>C	p.Gly361Ala	missense_variant	Exon 10 of 17	1	NM_002880.4	ENSP00000251849.4

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 31

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:8

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Submissions by phenotype

not provided Pathogenic:3

Clinical Genetics DNA and cytogenetics Diagnostics Lab, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Medical Center

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

Feb 03, 2023

GeneDx

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Published functional studies demonstrate a damaging effect: substantially reduced kinase activity and reduced binding of RAF1 to Cdc37 (Zhao et al., 2004); Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (gnomAD); Missense variants in this gene are often considered pathogenic (HGMD); This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 34758253, 29493581, 35770001, 14701845, 29271604, 29051493)

Joint Genome Diagnostic Labs from Nijmegen and Maastricht, Radboudumc and MUMC+

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

RASopathy Pathogenic:2

Apr 03, 2017

ClinGen RASopathy Variant Curation Expert Panel

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: reviewed by expert panel

Collection Method: curation

The c.1082G>C (p.Gly361Ala) variant in RAF1 has been reported in the literature in at least 2 unconfirmed de novo occurrences in patients with clinical features of a RASopathy (PM6_Strong; GeneDx, Institute of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg internal data; GTR ID's: 26957, 506381 ClinVar SCV000209024.9). The p.Gly361Ala variant has been identified in at least 4 independent occurrences in patients with a RASopathy (PS4_Moderate; GeneDx, Partners LMM, Institute of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg internal data; GTR ID's: 26957, 21766, 506381; SCV000209024.9, SCV000061333.5). This variant was absent from large population studies (PM2; ExAC, http://exac.broadinstitute.org). The variant is located in the RAF1 gene, which has been defined by the ClinGen RASopathy Expert Panel as a gene with a low rate of benign missense variants and pathogenic missense variants are common (PP2; PMID: 29493581). Computational prediction tools and conservation analysis suggest that the p.Gly361Ala variant may impact the protein (PP3). In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as likely pathogenic for RASopathies in an autosomal dominant manner. RASopathy-specific ACMG/AMP criteria applied (PMID:29493581): PM6_Strong, PS4_Moderate, PM2, PP2, PP3.

Jul 14, 2022

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change replaces glycine, which is neutral and non-polar, with alanine, which is neutral and non-polar, at codon 361 of the RAF1 protein (p.Gly361Ala). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with clinical features of RAF1-related conditions (PMID: 29271604; Invitae). In at least one individual the variant was observed to be de novo. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 40613). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt RAF1 protein function. Experimental studies are conflicting or provide insufficient evidence to determine the effect of this variant on RAF1 function (PMID: 14701845, 23737487). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic.

LEOPARD syndrome 2 Pathogenic:1

May 28, 2019

Mendelics

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Noonan syndrome Pathogenic:1

Feb 17, 2016

Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

proposed classification - variant undergoing re-assessment, contact laboratory

Noonan syndrome 5 Pathogenic:1

Genomics England Pilot Project, Genomics England

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	1.0
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.46	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.42
CADD	Pathogenic	32
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.94	D;.;D
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.84
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.84
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.32	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.98	D;D;D
MetaSVM	Uncertain	0.71	D
MutationAssessor	Benign	1.9	L;.;.
PhyloP100		7.9
PrimateAI	Pathogenic	0.91	D
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-5.7	D;D;D
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	D;D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.039	D;D;D
Vest4		0.97
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		5.5
RBP_binding_hub_radar		0.0
RBP_regulation_power_radar		1.7
Varity_R		0.96
gMVP		0.95
Mutation Taster		=3/97	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.050		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs397516813; hg19: chr3-12641216; COSMIC: COSV52575934; COSMIC: COSV52575934;