9-34649032-G-T

Position:

chr9-34649032-G-T

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 16 ACMG points: 16P and 0B. PM1PM2PM5PP3_ModeratePP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000155.4(GALT):c.855G>T(p.Lys285Asn) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a non-conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.000177 in 1,614,162 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Pathogenic (★★). Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. K285T) has been classified as Likely pathogenic.

Frequency

Genomes: 𝑓 0.00016 ( 0 hom., cov: 32)

Exomes 𝑓: 0.00018 ( 0 hom. )

Consequence

GALT
NM_000155.4 missense

Scores

Clinical Significance

Pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:20O:2

Conservation

PhyloP100: 1.86

Variant links:

Genes affected

GALT (HGNC:4135): (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, namely the conversion of UDP-glucose + galactose-1-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate + UDP-galactose. The absence of this enzyme results in classic galactosemia in humans and can be fatal in the newborn period if lactose is not removed from the diet. The pathophysiology of galactosemia has not been clearly defined. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

GALT links:

Genome browser will be placed here

ACMG classification

Classification made for transcript

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 16 ACMG points.

PM1

In a hotspot region, there are 4 aminoacids with missense pathogenic changes in the window of +-8 aminoacids around while only 0 benign, 4 uncertain in NM_000155.4

PM2

Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage;

PM5

Other missense variant is known to change same aminoacid residue: Variant chr9-34649031-A-C is described in ClinVar as [Likely_pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 2045110.Status of the report is criteria_provided_single_submitter, 1 stars.

PP3

MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.854

PP5

Variant 9-34649032-G-T is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr9-34649032-G-T is described in ClinVar as [Pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 3621.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars. Variant chr9-34649032-G-T is described in Lovd as [Pathogenic].

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	MANE	UniProt
GALT	NM_000155.4 linkuse as main transcript	c.855G>T	p.Lys285Asn	missense_variant	9/11	ENST00000378842.8
GALT	NM_001258332.2 linkuse as main transcript	c.528G>T	p.Lys176Asn	missense_variant	7/9

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	TSL	MANE	Appris	UniProt
GALT	ENST00000378842.8 linkuse as main transcript	c.855G>T	p.Lys285Asn	missense_variant	9/11	1	NM_000155.4	P1	P07902-1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes

AF:

0.000164

AC:

AN:

152180

Hom.:

Cov.:

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR

AF:

0.0000241

Gnomad AMI

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR

AF:

0.0000654

Gnomad ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad SAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad MID

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE

AF:

0.000338

Gnomad OTH

AF:

0.00

GnomAD3 exomes

AF:

0.000139

AC:

AN:

251490

Hom.:

AF XY:

0.000147

AC XY:

AN XY:

135922

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR exome

AF:

0.000260

Gnomad ASJ exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad SAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad FIN exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE exome

AF:

0.000220

Gnomad OTH exome

AF:

0.000163

GnomAD4 exome

AF:

0.000178

AC:

260

AN:

1461864

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.000175

AC XY:

127

AN XY:

727230

show subpopulations

Gnomad4 AFR exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 AMR exome

AF:

0.000201

Gnomad4 ASJ exome

AF:

0.0000766

Gnomad4 EAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 SAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 FIN exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 NFE exome

AF:

0.000217

Gnomad4 OTH exome

AF:

0.000132

GnomAD4 genome

AF:

0.000164

AC:

AN:

152298

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.000107

AC XY:

AN XY:

74474

show subpopulations

Gnomad4 AFR

AF:

0.0000241

Gnomad4 AMR

AF:

0.0000653

Gnomad4 ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 EAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 SAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 NFE

AF:

0.000338

Gnomad4 OTH

AF:

0.00

Alfa

AF:

0.000319

Hom.:

Bravo

AF:

0.000144

TwinsUK

AF:

0.000539

AC:

ALSPAC

AF:

0.00

AC:

ESP6500AA

AF:

0.00

AC:

ESP6500EA

AF:

0.000581

AC:

ExAC

AF:

0.000132

AC:

EpiCase

AF:

0.000600

EpiControl

AF:

0.000296

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:20Other:2

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

LINK: link

Submissions by phenotype

Deficiency of UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

Pathogenic:12Other:2

Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp	Jan 31, 2024	This sequence change replaces lysine, which is basic and polar, with asparagine, which is neutral and polar, at codon 285 of the GALT protein (p.Lys285Asn). This variant is present in population databases (rs111033773, gnomAD 0.02%). This variant has been observed in individuals with low GALT enzyme activity, findings that are highly specific for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency (PMID: 18210213, 25592817, 16540753, Invitae). This variant has been observed on the opposite chromosome (in trans) from a pathogenic variant in individuals affected with galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency (PMID: 25592817, 16540753, Invitae). This finding is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance, and suggests that this variant contributes to disease. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 3621). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GALT protein function with a positive predictive value of 95%. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects GALT function (PMID: 11152465, 18210213, 25614870). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided	literature only	OMIM	Jan 01, 1997	- -
not provided, no classification provided	clinical testing	ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories	-	- -
not provided, no classification provided	literature only	GeneReviews	-	Most severe classic pathogenic variant in eastern Europe -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology	May 14, 2021	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing;curation	Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp	Aug 18, 2011	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Revvity Omics, Revvity	Oct 16, 2020	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Breda Genetics srl	Mar 31, 2020	The variant c.855G>T (p.Lys285Asn) is reported as pathogenic for galactosemia in ClinVar (Variation ID: 3621) and as affecting function/effect unknown in the Global Variome shared LOVD database v.3.0. In one study, this variant has been identified in homozygous state in 3 unrelated children and in compound heterozygous state with a second mutation in 12 children with classical galactosemia from unrelated families. The cohort of patients included families from Austria, Croatia and Germany. GALT activity in erythrocyte lysates of the three homozygous patients was reduced to 0.5 +- 2.41 mmol/hr/gHb (mean +- SD, normal 27.8 +- 6 mmol/hr/g Hb). The mean GALT activity determined in compound heterozygous patients was 0.5 +- 0.43 mmol/ hr/gHb (mean +- SD). In both homozygotes and compound heterozygotes, the clinical course in the newborn period was severe including jaundice, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, cataracts, neurological symptoms, and cerebral edema. For most of them intensive care, including exchange transfusions, was necessary. According to the authors, this variant is a common mutation in their population (Greber-Platzer et al., 1997, PMID: 9222760). The variant is reported with an estimated allele frequency of 0.0002 in 1000 Genomes Project, 0.0001392 in gnomAD exomes, and 0.00003186 in gnomAD genomes, with no homozygous individuals reported. -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Baylor Genetics	Mar 21, 2024	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	MGZ Medical Genetics Center	Sep 08, 2021	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics	Oct 18, 2021	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Myriad Genetics, Inc.	Nov 11, 2019	NM_000155.3(GALT):c.855G>T(K285N) is classified as pathogenic in the context of galactosemia. Sources cited for classification include the following: PMID 10649501, 9222760, 11152465, and 18210213. Classification of NM_000155.3(GALT):c.855G>T(K285N) is based on the following criteria: This is a well-established pathogenic variant in the literature that has been observed more frequently in patients with clinical diagnoses than in healthy populations. Please note: this variant was assessed in the context of healthy population screening. -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina	Aug 14, 2023	The GALT c.855G>T (p.Lys285Asn) missense variant is a well-established disease-causing variant which has been reported in many individuals with galactosemia in the peer-reviewed literature (GeneReviews PMID: 20301691). Functional studies and computational evidence support the variant's damaging effect on the GALT enzyme (PMID: 9222760). The highest frequency of this allele in the Genome Aggregation Database is 0.000338 in the European (non-Finnish) population (version 3.1.2). The c.855G>T variant has been classified as pathogenic by over 15 submitters in ClinVar. This variant was identified in trans with a likely pathogenic variant. Based on the available evidence, the c.855G>T (p.Lys285Asn) variant is classified as pathogenic for galactosemia. -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	curation	Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens	Feb 01, 2024	- -

not provided

Pathogenic:7

Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics	Sep 14, 2015	- -
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided	clinical testing	Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center	-	- -
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided	clinical testing	Clinical Genetics DNA and cytogenetics Diagnostics Lab, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Medical Center	-	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Eurofins Ntd Llc (ga)	Jun 12, 2018	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Mayo Clinic Laboratories, Mayo Clinic	Jan 25, 2023	- -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	GeneDx	Mar 17, 2020	Second most common galactosemia-associated variant among people of European ancestry (Tyfield et al., 1999); Published functional studies demonstrate a damaging effect with absent GALT enzyme activity in purified recombinant human protein studies and when expressed in yeast (Coelho et al., 2014; Riehman et al., 2001); In silico analysis, which includes protein predictors and evolutionary conservation, supports a deleterious effect; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 10220154, 25087612, 22975760, 11152465, 18210213, 25614870, 20008339, 21228398, 1427861, 11754113, 10408771, 16540753, 9222760, 10399107, 25592817, 10649501, 29252199, 30994193, 31194252, 31954591, 31980526, 34030713, 31589614) -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	CeGaT Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen	Aug 01, 2018	- -

Galactosemia

Pathogenic:1

Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided

clinical testing

Natera, Inc.

Mar 17, 2017

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

AlphaMissense

Pathogenic

0.93

BayesDel_addAF

Uncertain

0.067

BayesDel_noAF

Pathogenic

0.15

CADD

Uncertain

DANN

Uncertain

1.0

DEOGEN2

Pathogenic

0.97

.;D

Eigen

Pathogenic

0.78

Eigen_PC

Pathogenic

0.70

FATHMM_MKL

Uncertain

0.94

LIST_S2

Pathogenic

0.98

D;D

M_CAP

Pathogenic

0.56

MetaRNN

Pathogenic

0.85

D;D

MetaSVM

Pathogenic

1.1

MutationAssessor

Pathogenic

3.8

.;H

MutationTaster

Benign

1.0

A;A

PrimateAI

Uncertain

0.75

PROVEAN

Uncertain

-4.0

D;D

REVEL

Pathogenic

0.88

Sift

Uncertain

0.0010

D;D

Sift4G

Uncertain

0.0040

D;D

Polyphen

1.0

.;D

Vest4

0.68

MutPred

0.89

.;Loss of ubiquitination at K285 (P = 0.0446);

MVP

0.99

MPC

2.0

ClinPred

0.95

GERP RS

4.7

Varity_R

0.96

gMVP

0.98

Splicing

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

SpliceAI score (max)

0.040

Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Below is the list of publications found by LitVar. It may be empty.

Variant summary

Frequency

Consequence

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conservation

ACMG classification

Transcripts

RefSeq

Ensembl

Frequencies

ClinVar

Submissions by phenotype

Computational scores

Splicing

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over