X-31178668-C-T

Variant names:

• chrX-31178668-C-T
• rs398123834
• NM_004006.3:c.10223+1G>A

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 18 ACMG points: 18P and 0B. PVS1 PM2 PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_004006.3(DMD):​c.10223+1G>A variant causes a splice donor, intron change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant was absent in control chromosomes in GnomAD project. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. 3/3 splice prediction tools predicting alterations to normal splicing. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Pathogenic (★★).

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 23)
• Consequence: DMD NM_004006.3 splice_donor, intron
• Scores: Splicing: ADA: 1.000
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:9
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 7.57
• Publications: 2 publications found

Genes affected

DMD (HGNC:2928): (dystrophin) This gene spans a genomic range of greater than 2 Mb and encodes a large protein containing an N-terminal actin-binding domain and multiple spectrin repeats. The encoded protein forms a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges the inner cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Deletions, duplications, and point mutations at this gene locus may cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), or cardiomyopathy. Alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing result in numerous distinct transcript variants and protein isoforms for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

DMD Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• Becker muscular dystrophy

  Inheritance: XL Classification: DEFINITIVE, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics, Orphanet
• dilated cardiomyopathy 3B

  Inheritance: XL Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics
• Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy

  Inheritance: XL Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: Myriad Women’s Health
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy

  Inheritance: XL Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), G2P, Orphanet
• progressive muscular dystrophy

  Inheritance: XL Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: ClinGen
• familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability

  Inheritance: XL Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of Duchenne and Becker in female carriers

  Inheritance: XL Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet

ENSG00000297249 (HGNC:):

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 18 ACMG points.

• PVS1: Splicing +-2 bp (donor or acceptor) variant, LoF is a know mechanism of disease, No cryptic splice site detected. Exon removal results in frameshift change.
• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PP5: Variant X-31178668-C-T is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chrX-31178668-C-T is described in ClinVar as Pathogenic. ClinVar VariationId is 94430.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
DMD	NM_004006.3	c.10223+1G>A		splice_donor_variant, intron_variant	Intron 70 of 78	ENST00000357033.9	NP_003997.2

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
DMD	ENST00000357033.9	c.10223+1G>A		splice_donor_variant, intron_variant	Intron 70 of 78	1	NM_004006.3	ENSP00000354923.3

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 23

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 30

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 23

Alfa AF: 0.00 Hom.: 0

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:9

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Submissions by phenotype

not provided Pathogenic:3

Jun 11, 2020

GeneDx

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Canonical splice site variant predicted to result in a null allele in a gene for which loss-of-function is a known mechanism of disease; Not observed in large population cohorts (Lek et al., 2016); This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 32194622, 30342905, 16834926, 29973226, 28859693, 15351422, 27593222, 28597072, 23453023, 8281150, 25525159, 17041906, 20485447, 30564623, 20670611, 30816495, 19937601) -

Jan 23, 2020

Revvity Omics, Revvity

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Apr 26, 2017

Eurofins Ntd Llc (ga)

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Duchenne muscular dystrophy Pathogenic:3

Jul 01, 2023

Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Witwatersrand

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: research

- -

Feb 24, 2024

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change affects a donor splice site in intron 70 of the DMD gene. It is expected to result in an absent or disrupted protein product. Loss-of-function variants in DMD are known to be pathogenic (PMID: 16770791, 25007885). In addition, truncating variants in exon 71 (p.Pro3409Tyr*22, p.Thr3411Asn*22, and p.Leu3412Argfs*7) that result in partial in-frame exon skipping have been observed in individuals with clinical features of mild Becker muscular dystrophy (PMID: 17041906, 23536893). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). Disruption of this splice site has been observed in individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (PMID: 8281150, 25972034, 27593222, 30342905). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 94430). Algorithms developed to predict the effect of sequence changes on RNA splicing suggest that this variant may disrupt the consensus splice site. For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

Dec 16, 2022

Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

PVS1, PM2, PP5 -

Neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of dystrophin Pathogenic:1

Jul 26, 2023

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: DMD c.10223+1G>A is located in a canonical splice-site and is predicted to affect mRNA splicing resulting in a significantly altered protein due to either exon skipping, shortening, or inclusion of intronic material. Several computational tools predict a significant impact on normal splicing: Four predict the variant abolishes a 5' splicing donor site. At least one publication reported that this variant affects mRNA splicing, causing out-of-frame exon 70 skipping, as demonstrated in patient derived mRNA samples (Daoud_2009). The variant was absent in 181746 control chromosomes (gnomAD). c.10223+1G>A has been reported in the literature in several individuals affected with Dystrophinopathies (e.g. Flanigan_2009, Daoud_2009, Neri_2020). These data indicate that the variant is very likely to be associated with disease. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 19937601, 19602481, 32194622). Five submitters have cited clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014. All submitters classified the variant as pathogenic. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as pathogenic. -

Intermediate muscular dystrophy Pathogenic:1

Nov 01, 1993

OMIM

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: literature only

- -

Cardiovascular phenotype Pathogenic:1

May 23, 2025

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The c.10223+1G>A intronic variant results from a G to A substitution one nucleotide after coding exon 70 of the DMD gene. Alterations that disrupt the canonical splice site are expected to cause aberrant splicing, resulting in an abnormal protein or a transcript that is subject to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This variant was not reported in population-based cohorts in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). This variant was reported as hemizygous in individuals with features consistent with DMD-related dystrophinopathy (Lenk, 1993; Cho, 2017; Neri, 2020; Yun, 2021). This nucleotide position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. In silico splice site analysis predicts that this alteration will weaken the native splice donor site. Based on the available evidence, this alteration is classified as pathogenic. -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.42	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.36
CADD	Pathogenic	33
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
FATHMM_MKL	Uncertain	0.92	D
PhyloP100		7.6
GERP RS		5.0
PromoterAI		-0.14	Neutral
Mutation Taster		=0/100	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
dbscSNV1_ADA	Pathogenic	1.0
dbscSNV1_RF	Pathogenic	0.94
SpliceAI score (max)		0.95		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2
DS_DL_spliceai		0.95		Position offset: 1

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs398123834; hg19: chrX-31196785;