rs111033692

Positions:

• chr9-34647878-A-G

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 20 ACMG points: 20P and 0B. PS1_Moderate PM1 PM2 PM5 PP3_Strong PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000155.4(GALT):​c.424A>G​(p.Met142Val) variant causes a missense change. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.000000684 in 1,461,894 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★). Another nucleotide change resulting in same amino acid change has been previously reported as Likely pathogenicin UniProt. Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. M142K) has been classified as Pathogenic.

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 6.8e-7 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: GALT NM_000155.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:2
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 6.49

Genes affected

GALT (HGNC:4135): (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, namely the conversion of UDP-glucose + galactose-1-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate + UDP-galactose. The absence of this enzyme results in classic galactosemia in humans and can be fatal in the newborn period if lactose is not removed from the diet. The pathophysiology of galactosemia has not been clearly defined. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

ACMG classification

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 20 ACMG points.

• PS1: Transcript NM_000155.4 (GALT) is affected with MISSENSE_VARIANT having same AA change as one Pathogenic present in UniProt
• PM1: In a hotspot region, there are 7 aminoacids with missense pathogenic changes in the window of +-8 aminoacids around while only 0 benign, 4 uncertain in NM_000155.4
• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PM5: Other missense variant is known to change same aminoacid residue: Variant chr9-34647879-T-A is described in ClinVar as [Pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 3609.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.
• PP3: MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.989
• PP5: Variant 9-34647878-A-G is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr9-34647878-A-G is described in ClinVar as [Likely_pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 2573375.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	MANE	UniProt
GALT	NM_000155.4	c.424A>G	p.Met142Val	missense_variant	5/11	ENST00000378842.8
GALT	NM_001258332.2	c.97A>G	p.Met33Val	missense_variant	3/9

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	TSL	MANE	Appris	UniProt
GALT	ENST00000378842.8	c.424A>G	p.Met142Val	missense_variant	5/11	1	NM_000155.4	P1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome AF: 6.84e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1461894 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 33 AF XY: 0.00000138 AC XY: 1 AN XY: 727248

Gnomad4 AFR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 AMR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 ASJ exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 EAS exome AF: 0.0000252

Gnomad4 SAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 FIN exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 NFE exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 OTH exome AF: 0.00

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:2

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Submissions by phenotype

Deficiency of UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase Pathogenic:2

Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp	Jun 20, 2023	Variant summary: GALT c.424A>G (p.Met142Val) results in a conservative amino acid change located in the N-terminal domain (IPR005849) of the encoded protein sequence. Three of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant was absent in 251496 control chromosomes. c.424A>G has been reported in the literature in at least one compound heterozygous individual affected with Galactosemia (e.g., Hirokawa_1999). These data suggest the variant may be associated with disease. At least one publication reports experimental evidence evaluating an impact on protein function. The most pronounced variant effect results in 11% of normal activity in a COS cell expression system (Hirokawa_1999). The following publication was ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 10573007). No submitters have reported clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014. Additionally, other missense variants affecting the same codon, namely c.425T>A (p.Met142Val) and c.425T>C (p.Met142Thr), have been classified as pathogenic by our lab or reported in ClinVar as pathogenic. Both of these additional missense variants have been reported in the literature in patients affected with galactosemia (PMIDs: 15775761, 25592817, 2011574, 10384398) and studies have found these variants result in <5% GALT activity either experimentally or in erythrocytes from patients harboring these variants (PMIDs: 25592817, 2011574), suggesting this residue is clinically significant. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic. -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Invitae	Oct 23, 2022	For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. This variant disrupts the p.Met142 amino acid residue in GALT. Other variant(s) that disrupt this residue have been determined to be pathogenic (PMID: 2011574, 10384398, 10960497, 20213376). This suggests that this residue is clinically significant, and that variants that disrupt this residue are likely to be disease-causing. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects GALT function (galactosemia). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GALT protein function. This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with galactosemia (PMID: 10573007). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This sequence change replaces methionine, which is neutral and non-polar, with valine, which is neutral and non-polar, at codon 142 of the GALT protein (p.Met142Val). -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.73
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.55	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.56
CADD	Uncertain	25
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.81
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.76
FATHMM_MKL	Uncertain	0.96	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.98	D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.66	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationTaster	Benign	1.0	A;A
PrimateAI	Uncertain	0.59	T
PROVEAN	Uncertain	-3.0	D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.96
Sift	Uncertain	0.0020	D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.057	T;D
Polyphen		0.97	.;D
Vest4		0.87
MutPred		0.94		.;Gain of helix (P = 0.1736);
MVP		1.0
MPC		1.2
ClinPred		0.99	D
GERP RS		5.3
RBP_binding_hub_radar		0.0
RBP_regulation_power_radar		1.7
Varity_R		0.95
gMVP		0.97

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.090		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs111033692; hg19: chr9-34647875;