rs180177132
Variant summary
Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 13 ACMG points: 13P and 0B. PM5_SupportingPVS1PS4
This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.3113G>A (p.Trp1038Ter) variant in PALB2 occurs at the last nucleotide of exon 10. It is predicted to cause skipping of biologically-relevant exon 10, as well as partial deletion of exon 10, resulting in a frameshift leading to nonsense mediated decay in a gene in which loss-of-function is an established disease mechanism. This prediction is confirmed by RT-PCR analysis (PMID:21285249, 23448497). This alteration results in a termination codon upstream of the most C-terminus pathogenic alteration (PALB2 p.Tyr1183*), as classified by the HBOP VCEP, and is expected to be more deleterious. This variant is non-functional in multiple different protein assays (PMID 31757951); however due to a lack of positive missense controls with known clinical impact, these protein assays do not meet the requirements for use by the HBOP VCEP. The prevalence of the variant in affected individuals is significantly increased compared with the prevalence in controls [OR=4.21, 95% CI:1.84 - 9.60] (PMID:27595995). The highest population filtering allele frequency in gnomAD v2.1.1 is 0.00006665 in the European (Non-Finnish) population (PM2_Supporting, BS1, and BA1 are not met). In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as pathogenic for autosomal dominant hereditary breast and pancreatic cancer and autosomal recessive FANCN based on the ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the HBOP VCEP. (PVS1(RNA), PS4, PM5_Supporting). LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA251004/MONDO:0016419/020
Frequency
Consequence
ENST00000261584.9 stop_gained, splice_region
Scores
Clinical Significance
Conservation
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ACMG classification
Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 13 ACMG points.
Transcripts
RefSeq
Gene | Transcript | HGVSc | HGVSp | Effect | #exon/exons | MANE | Protein | UniProt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PALB2 | NM_024675.4 | c.3113G>A | p.Trp1038Ter | stop_gained, splice_region_variant | 10/13 | ENST00000261584.9 | NP_078951.2 |
Ensembl
Gene | Transcript | HGVSc | HGVSp | Effect | #exon/exons | TSL | MANE | Protein | Appris | UniProt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PALB2 | ENST00000261584.9 | c.3113G>A | p.Trp1038Ter | stop_gained, splice_region_variant | 10/13 | 1 | NM_024675.4 | ENSP00000261584 | P1 | |
ENST00000561764.1 | n.420-2538C>T | intron_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | 2 |
Frequencies
GnomAD3 genomes AF: 0.0000197 AC: 3AN: 152144Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32
GnomAD3 exomes AF: 0.0000597 AC: 15AN: 251360Hom.: 0 AF XY: 0.0000442 AC XY: 6AN XY: 135866
GnomAD4 exome AF: 0.000228 AC: 331AN: 1450660Hom.: 0 Cov.: 28 AF XY: 0.000206 AC XY: 149AN XY: 722506
GnomAD4 genome AF: 0.0000197 AC: 3AN: 152144Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.0000269 AC XY: 2AN XY: 74324
ClinVar
Submissions by phenotype
Familial cancer of breast Pathogenic:9
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Greenwood Genetic Center Diagnostic Laboratories, Greenwood Genetic Center | Jul 11, 2022 | PVS1, PS4 - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Human Genome Sequencing Center Clinical Lab, Baylor College of Medicine | Apr 03, 2017 | This c.3113G>A (p.Trp1038*) variant has previously been reported in 16 (out of 4,178 total) patients with breast cancer [PMID 17200668, 21285249, 25575445, 23448497, 26283626, 21409391, 23471749]. The cumulative risk for carrier of this variant was estimated as 91% by age 70 with a median age of onset of 42 years old reported in an Australian population [PMID 23471749]. This c.3113G>A is located in exon 10 of the PALB2 gene at the exon/intron junction with intron 10. Transcripts analysis showed that this variant not only produces a stop codon at amino acid position 1038 but also produces two additional PALB2 transcripts including an alternative splicing and a complete deletion of exon 10, all three leading to a loss of function of the protein [PMID 23471749]. The c.3113G>A (p.Trp1038*) variant has been observed in two Europeans and one African individual at the heterozygous state in the ExAC population database (http://exac.broadinstitute.org/variant/16-23632683-C-T). It is thus interpreted as a pathogenic variant. - |
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | case-control | Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre | Jun 01, 2015 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Counsyl | Mar 18, 2016 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Baylor Genetics | Mar 29, 2024 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Myriad Genetics, Inc. | Mar 31, 2023 | This variant is considered pathogenic. This variant creates a termination codon and is predicted to result in premature protein truncation. - |
Pathogenic, reviewed by expert panel | curation | ClinGen Hereditary Breast, Ovarian and Pancreatic Cancer Variant Curation Expert Panel, ClinGen | Apr 05, 2023 | The c.3113G>A (p.Trp1038Ter) variant in PALB2 occurs at the last nucleotide of exon 10. It is predicted to cause skipping of biologically-relevant exon 10, as well as partial deletion of exon 10, resulting in a frameshift leading to nonsense mediated decay in a gene in which loss-of-function is an established disease mechanism. This prediction is confirmed by RT-PCR analysis (PMID: 21285249, 23448497). This alteration results in a termination codon upstream of the most C-terminus pathogenic alteration (PALB2 p.Tyr1183*), as classified by the HBOP VCEP, and is expected to be more deleterious. This variant is non-functional in multiple different protein assays (PMID 31757951); however due to a lack of positive missense controls with known clinical impact, these protein assays do not meet the requirements for use by the HBOP VCEP. The prevalence of the variant in affected individuals is significantly increased compared with the prevalence in controls [OR=4.21, 95% CI:1.84 - 9.60] (PMID: 27595995). The highest population filtering allele frequency in gnomAD v2.1.1 is 0.00006665 in the European (Non-Finnish) population (PM2_Supporting, BS1, and BA1 are not met). In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as pathogenic for autosomal dominant hereditary breast and pancreatic cancer and autosomal recessive FANCN based on the ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the HBOP VCEP. (PVS1(RNA), PS4, PM5_Supporting). - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | Pathway Genomics | Nov 06, 2014 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp | Jan 31, 2024 | This sequence change creates a premature translational stop signal (p.Trp1038*) in the PALB2 gene. RNA analysis indicates that this premature translational stop signal induces altered splicing and may result in an absent or disrupted protein product. This variant is present in population databases (rs180177132, gnomAD 0.01%). This premature translational stop signal has been observed in individual(s) with breast cancer (PMID: 17200668, 21182766, 21285249, 23471749). It has also been observed to segregate with disease in related individuals. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 126711). Studies have shown that this premature translational stop signal results in activation of a cryptic splice site and introduces a premature termination codon (Invitae). The resulting mRNA is expected to undergo nonsense-mediated decay. For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. - |
not provided Pathogenic:7
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | GeneDx | Feb 11, 2020 | Observed in multiple individuals with a personal and/or family history of breast cancer and is considered a pathogenic founder variant in the British population (Rahman 2007, Southey 2010, Wong 2011, Teo 2013, Hartley 2014, Southey 2016, Winship 2016); Published functional studies demonstrate a damaging effect: reduced RAD51 foci formation, abnormal cellular localization, diminished homology repair efficiency, weak protein expression (Pauty 2017, Boonen 2019); This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 21165770, 17200668, 21409391, 23471749, 18302019, 19264984, 22241545, 26283626, 24206657, 25099575, 19763819, 26250988, 23787919, 23448497, 26786923, 27621404, 25575445, 28158555, 32081490, 32581362, 25525159, 25225577, 24415441, 23935381, 21932393, 24870022, 20346647, 24556926, 24136930, 24061862, 26534844, 25356972, 17200671, 21182766, 21285249, 26787237, 27547810, 27595995, 28019080, 28135136, 27099641, 26985847, 27296296, 27433846, 26681312, 26315354, 28864920, 28779002, 29431189, 29909963, 30665703, 29961768, 30322717, 31090900, 31757951, 31263054, 29625052, 26689913, 32426482, 31447099, 32832836, 32338768) - |
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | curation | Leiden Open Variation Database | Sep 30, 2019 | Curators: Marc Tischkowitz, Arleen D. Auerbach. Submitters to LOVD: James Whitworth, kConFab - Heather Thorne, Marc Tischkowitz. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Mayo Clinic Laboratories, Mayo Clinic | Jul 23, 2024 | PM5_supporting, PS4, PVS1 - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano | Sep 30, 2019 | This nonsense variant causes the premature termination of PALB2 protein synthesis. In the published literature, the variant has been reported in one healthy individual, in a control group, and in individuals affected with breast or prostate cancer (PMIDs: 30665703 (2019), 27433846 (2016), 26283626 (2015), 25225577 (2014), and 21182766 (2010)). Additionally, splicing studies have shown that this variant produces three alternate transcripts which either result in premature termination of protein synthesis or deletion of exon 10 (PMIDs: 23471749 (2013) and 21285249 (2011)). Based on this information, this variant is classified as pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Genetic Services Laboratory, University of Chicago | Jan 15, 2021 | DNA sequence analysis of the PALB2 gene demonstrated a sequence change, c.3113G>A, located in the consensus splice site of the exon. Functional studies have demonstrated that this sequence change affects normal splicing and creates different PALB2 transcripts in lymphoblastoid cells derived from individuals with breast cancer, including one with complete skipping of exon 10 (deletion of 117 bp), another with an alternative splice site within exon 10 (out-of-frame deletion of 31 bp), and one which results in an immediate stop at amino acid position 1038 (p.Trp1038*) (PMID: 21285249, 23448497). The p.Trp1038* change has been reported in individuals and families with breast cancer, with evidence of co-segregation with disease (PMID: 17200668, 21182766, 21285249, 23471749). This sequence change has been observed in the gnomAD database with a frequency of 0.011% in the European sub-population (dbSNP rs180177132). These collective evidences suggest that this sequence change is pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | AiLife Diagnostics, AiLife Diagnostics | Feb 09, 2022 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Eurofins Ntd Llc (ga) | Mar 06, 2018 | - - |
Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome Pathogenic:5
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health | Jan 17, 2024 | This variant causes a nonsense mutation in exon 10 and is also predicted to disrupt splicing at the intron 10 splice donor site in the PALB2 gene. RNA studies have reported that this variant causes splicing defects resulting in an in-frame deletion of exon 10 or exons 9 and 10, impacting the WD40 domain of PALB2, or an out-of-frame transcript due to the use of a cryptic donor site within exon 10 that results in a premature translational stop signal. Normally spliced transcript from the mutant allele has a nonsense mutation due to the coding sequence change (PMID: 21285249, 23448497, 31843900). This variant has been observed in over a dozen individuals affected with early-onset breast cancer with positive history of breast and other cancers (PMID: 17200668, 21182766, 21285249, 22241545, 23471749, 25225577, 28864920; DOI: 10.1016/j.gimo.2023.100849), an individual affected with familial pancreatic cancer (PMID: 25356972), and in two individuals affected with ovarian cancer and two unaffected individuals (PMID: 26315354). This variant has been detected in a breast cancer case-control meta-analysis in 31/60466 cases and 6/53461 unaffected individuals with an estimated odds ratio of 4.57 (95% CI 1.906 to 10.955) (PMID: 33471991; Leiden Open Variation Database DB-ID PALB2_010150). This variant has been shown to segregate with breast cancer in families (PMID: 21182766, 26534844). This variant has been identified in 17/282756 chromosomes in the general population by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), predominantly in non-Finnish Europeans and also in African-Americans. Loss of PALB2 function is a known mechanism of disease (clinicalgenome.org). Based on the available evidence, this variant is classified as Pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | research | Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge | Jan 26, 2018 | Application of AMCG guidelines 2015. Used other ClinVar submission evidence where relevant. Loss of heterozygosity in tumours or immunohistochemistry abnormalities considered functional evidence of pathogenicity. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington | Nov 20, 2015 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Ambry Genetics | Oct 26, 2022 | The c.3113G>A pathogenic mutation (also known as p.W1038*), located in coding exon 10 of the PALB2 gene, results from a G to A substitution at nucleotide position 3113. This changes the amino acid from a tryptophan to a stop codon within coding exon 10. This change occurs in the last base pair of coding exon 10, and has been shown to generate three aberrant mRNA isoforms: one with complete skipping of exon 10 (deletion of 117 bp), another which uses an alternative splice site within exon 10 (out-of-frame deletion of 31 bp) (Casadei S et al. Cancer Res. 2011 Mar;71:2222-9; Teo ZL et al. Breast Cancer Res. 2013 Feb;15:R17; Casadei S et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019 Dec). In addition, this mutation has been identified in multiple early-onset breast cancer probands with significant breast cancer family histories (Hartley T et al. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2014;12:19; Teo ZL et al. Fam. Cancer. 2013 Dec;12:587-95; Rahman N et al. Nat. Genet. 2007 Feb;39:165-7; Wong MW et al. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011 Jun;127:853-9; Zhen DB et al. Genet. Med. 2015 Jul;17:569-77; Nguyen-Dumont T et al. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2015 Jan;149:547-54; Thompson ER et al. Breast Cancer Res. 2015 Aug;17:111; Ding YC et al. Fam. Cancer. 2018 Apr;17:187-195). This alteration has also been reported in a kindred with at least two family members affected with pancreatic cancer (Zhen DB et al. Genet. Med. 2015 Jul;17:569-77). In addition to the clinical data presented in the literature, this alteration is expected to result in loss of function by premature protein truncation or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. As such, this alteration is interpreted as a disease-causing mutation. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Institute for Biomarker Research, Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, L.L.C. | Aug 01, 2023 | - - |
PALB2-related disorder Pathogenic:2
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing | PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences | Aug 30, 2024 | The PALB2 c.3113G>A variant is predicted to result in premature protein termination (p.Trp1038*). This variant has been reported in multiple individuals with a personal and/or family history of breast cancer (Rahman et al. 2007. PubMed ID: 17200668; Southey et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 21182766; Teo et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 23448497; Teo et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 23471749; Hartley et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 25225577). Functional studies showed that this variant alters splicing and results in three different mRNA transcripts (Casadei et al. 2011. PubMed ID: 21285249). This variant is reported in 0.012% of alleles in individuals of African descent in gnomAD and is interpreted as pathogenic in ClinVar by the ClinGen Hereditary Breast, Ovarian and Pancreatic Cancer Variant Curation Expert Panel (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/126711/). Nonsense variants in PALB2 are expected to be pathogenic. This variant is interpreted as pathogenic. - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina | Sep 19, 2018 | The PALB2 c.3113G>A (p.Trp1038Ter) variant is a stop-gained variant that is predicted to result in a premature termination of the protein. Across a selection of the available literature, the c.3113G>A (p.Trp1038Ter) variant has been identified in a heterozygous state in at least 21 probands from 13 unrelated families (Rahman et al. 2007; Southey et al. 2010; Teo et al. 2013; Hartley et al. 2014). Affected individuals were found to have a variety of cancers including breast, ovarian, and pancreatic. The p.Trp1038Ter variant was absent from 1724 healthy control subjects and is reported at a frequency of 0.000125 in the African population of the Genome Aggregation Database. Experimental studies on RNA isolated from patient derived lymphoblastoid cell lines have shown that the p.Trp1038Ter variant caused altered splicing (Casadei et al. 2011; Teo et al. 2013). Although this variant has not been reported in any probands with Fanconi anemia, it is known that PALB2 heterozygous variants can also confer carrier status for Fanconi anemia. Due to the potential impact of stop-gained variants and the evidence from the literature, this variant is classified as pathogenic for PALB2-related disorders. This variant was observed by ICSL as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. - |
Inherited breast cancer and ovarian cancer Pathogenic:2
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | NHS Central & South Genomic Laboratory Hub | Nov 12, 2024 | - - |
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Genomics and Molecular Medicine Service, East Genomic Laboratory Hub, NHS Genomic Medicine Service | May 14, 2024 | PVS1,PS4 - |
Breast and/or ovarian cancer Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | CHEO Genetics Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario | Sep 13, 2022 | - - |
Breast-ovarian cancer, familial, susceptibility to, 5 Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | KCCC/NGS Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center | Nov 13, 2023 | A known pathogenic mutation was detected in the PALB2 gene (c.3113G>A).This sequence change creates a premature translational stop signal (p.Trp1038*) in the PALB2 gene. It is expected to result in an absent or disrupted protein product. Loss-of-function variants in PALB2 are known to be pathogenic (PMID: 17200668, 17200671, 17200672, 24136930, 25099575). This variant is present in population databases (rs180177132, gnomAD 0.01%). This premature translational stop signal has been observed in individual(s) with breast cancer (PMID: 21165770, 17200668, 21409391, 23471749, 18302019, 19264984, 22241545, 26283626, 24206657, 25099575, 19763819, 26250988, 23787919, 23448497, 26786923, 27621404, 25575445, 28158555, 32081490, 32581362, 25525159, 25225577, 24415441, 23935381, 21932393, 24870022, 20346647, 24556926, 24136930, 24061862, 26534844, 25356972, 17200671, 21182766, 21285249, 26787237, 27547810, 27595995, 28019080, 28135136, 27099641, 26985847, 27296296, 27433846, 26681312, 26315354, 28864920, 28779002, 29431189, 29909963, 30665703, 29961768, 30322717, 31090900, 31757951, 31263054, 29625052, 26689913, 32426482, 31447099, 32832836, 32338768) . It has also been observed to segregate with disease in related individuals. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 126711). Published functional studies demonstrate a damaging effect, abnormal cellular localization, diminished homology repair efficiency, weak protein expression (PMID: 21285249, 23448497). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. - |
NICE approved PARP inhibitor treatment Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Cambridge Genomics Laboratory, East Genomic Laboratory Hub, NHS Genomic Medicine Service | Apr 30, 2024 | PVS1,PS4 - |
Inherited ovarian cancer (without breast cancer) Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Genomics and Molecular Medicine Service, East Genomic Laboratory Hub, NHS Genomic Medicine Service | May 03, 2024 | PVS1,PS4 - |
Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome;C0346153:Familial cancer of breast Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, no assertion criteria provided | research | King Laboratory, University of Washington | Sep 01, 2019 | - - |
Hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome Pathogenic:1
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp | May 08, 2017 | - - |
Breast cancer, susceptibility to Other:1
risk factor, no assertion criteria provided | literature only | OMIM | Feb 28, 2013 | - - |
Malignant tumor of breast;C1835817:Fanconi anemia complementation group N;C3150547:Pancreatic cancer, susceptibility to, 3 Other:1
not provided, no classification provided | phenotyping only | GenomeConnect - Invitae Patient Insights Network | - | Variant interpreted as Pathogenic and reported on 04-13-2020 by Invitae. GenomeConnect-Invitae Patient Insights Network assertions are reported exactly as they appear on the patient-provided report from the testing laboratory. Registry team members make no attempt to reinterpret the clinical significance of the variant. Phenotypic details are available under supporting information. - |
Computational scores
Source:
Splicing
Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at