14-87947749-A-T

Position:

• chr14-87947749-A-T

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 14 ACMG points: 14P and 0B. PM2 PP3_Strong PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000153.4(GALC):​c.1468T>A​(p.Tyr490Asn) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.00000137 in 1,460,778 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★).

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 0.0000014 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: GALC NM_000153.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:3 U:1
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 8.79

Genes affected

GALC (HGNC:4115): (galactosylceramidase) This gene encodes a lysosomal protein which hydrolyzes the galactose ester bonds of galactosylceramide, galactosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GALC (HGNC:):

ACMG classification

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 14 ACMG points.

• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PP3: MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.94
• PP5: Variant 14-87947749-A-T is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr14-87947749-A-T is described in ClinVar as [Likely_pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 431995.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GALC	NM_000153.4	c.1468T>A	p.Tyr490Asn	missense_variant	13/17	ENST00000261304.7	NP_000144.2

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GALC	ENST00000261304.7	c.1468T>A	p.Tyr490Asn	missense_variant	13/17	1	NM_000153.4	ENSP00000261304.2

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome AF: 0.00000137 AC: 2 AN: 1460778 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 31 AF XY: 0.00 AC XY: 0 AN XY: 726722

Gnomad4 AFR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 AMR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 ASJ exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 EAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 SAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 FIN exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 NFE exome AF: 0.00000180

Gnomad4 OTH exome AF: 0.00

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

Bravo AF: 0.00000378

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:3 Uncertain:1

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Submissions by phenotype

Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase deficiency Pathogenic:2 Uncertain:1

Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp	Jul 20, 2023	Variant summary: GALC c.1468T>A (p.Tyr490Asn) results in a non-conservative amino acid change in the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant was absent in 248974 control chromosomes. c.1468T>A has been reported in the literature in compound heterozygous individuals affected with adult-onset Krabbe Disease (e.g. Iacono_2022) or early infantile Krabbe Disease (e.g. Tappino_2010, Duffner_2011, Wright_2017, Beltran-Quintero_2019) with one report describing a patient asymptomatic apart from decreased GALC activity levels (e.g. Beltran-Quintero_2019). These data indicate that the variant is likely to be associated with disease. At least one publication reports experimental evidence evaluating an impact on protein function. The most pronounced variant effect results in 10%-<30% of normal GALC enzyme activity in vitro (e.g. Saavedra-Martiz_2016). The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 30777126, 21824559, 35013804, 27638593, 20886637, 28855403). Three submitters have cited clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014, classifying the variant as pathogenic (n=1), likely pathogenic (n=1) or uncertain significance (n=1). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic. -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp	Sep 22, 2022	For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects GALC function (PMID: 27638593). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GALC protein function. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 431995). This variant is also known as p.Tyr474Asn. This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with Krabbe disease (PMID: 20886637, 21824559). In at least one individual the data is consistent with being in trans (on the opposite chromosome) from a pathogenic variant. This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This sequence change replaces tyrosine, which is neutral and polar, with asparagine, which is neutral and polar, at codon 490 of the GALC protein (p.Tyr490Asn). -
Uncertain significance, flagged submission	clinical testing	Counsyl	Jul 17, 2017	- -

not provided Pathogenic:1

Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

GeneDx

Jun 21, 2017

A variant that is likely pathogenic has been identified in the GALC gene. The Y490N variant has been reported previously in an individual with a clinical diagnosis of Krabbe disease who was compound heterozygous for Y490N and a second GALC variant; however, insufficient clinical information was provided to confirm diagnosis (Tappino et al., 2010). In vitro expression studies show that Y490N (referred to as Y474N due to alternative nomenclature) causes a reduction of GALC expression (Saavedra-Matiz et al., 2016). The Y490N variant is not observed in large population cohorts (Lek et al., 2016; 1000 Genomes Consortium et al., 2015; Exome Variant Server). The Y490N variant is a semi-conservative amino acid substitution, which may impact secondary protein structure as these residues differ in some properties. This substitution occurs at a position that is conserved across species, and in silico analysis predicts this variant is probably damaging to the protein structure/function. Therefore, this variant is likely pathogenic; however, the possibility that it is benign cannot be excluded. -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.62
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.51	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.50
CADD	Pathogenic	26
DANN	Uncertain	0.99
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.94	D;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.73
Eigen_PC	Uncertain	0.61
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	1.0	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.29	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.94	D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	3.1	M;.;.;.
PrimateAI	Uncertain	0.62	T
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-8.1	D;D;D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.81
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	D;D;D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.0050	D;D;D;D
Polyphen		1.0	D;D;D;.
Vest4		0.99
MutPred		0.63		Gain of relative solvent accessibility (P = 0.0166);.;.;.;
MVP		0.99
MPC		0.75
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		6.1
Varity_R		0.90
gMVP		0.98

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.0		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs202135871; hg19: chr14-88414093;