chr14-87947749-A-T

Variant names:

• chr14-87947749-A-T
• rs202135871
• NM_000153.4:c.1468T>A

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 17 ACMG points: 17P and 0B. PM2 PM5 PP2 PP3_Strong PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000153.4(GALC):​c.1468T>A​(p.Tyr490Asn) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.00000137 in 1,460,778 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★). Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. Y490C) has been classified as Likely pathogenic.

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 0.0000014 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: GALC NM_000153.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:3 U:1
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 8.79
• Publications: 7 publications found

Genes affected

GALC (HGNC:4115): (galactosylceramidase) This gene encodes a lysosomal protein which hydrolyzes the galactose ester bonds of galactosylceramide, galactosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GALC Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• Krabbe disease

  Inheritance: AR Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: G2P, Myriad Women’s Health, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), PanelApp Australia, ClinGen, Genomics England PanelApp

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 17 ACMG points.

• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PM5: Other missense variant is known to change same aminoacid residue: Variant chr14-87947748-T-C is described in ClinVar as Conflicting_classifications_of_pathogenicity. ClinVar VariationId is 2100859.
• PP2: Missense variant in the gene, where a lot of missense mutations are associated with disease in ClinVar. The gene has 94 curated pathogenic missense variants (we use a threshold of 10). The gene has 16 curated benign missense variants. Gene score misZ: 0.18582 (below the threshold of 3.09). Trascript score misZ: -0.28853 (below the threshold of 3.09). GenCC associations: The gene is linked to Krabbe disease.
• PP3: MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.94
• PP5: Variant 14-87947749-A-T is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr14-87947749-A-T is described in ClinVar as Pathogenic/Likely_pathogenic. ClinVar VariationId is 431995.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GALC	NM_000153.4	c.1468T>A	p.Tyr490Asn	missense_variant	Exon 13 of 17	ENST00000261304.7	NP_000144.2

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GALC	ENST00000261304.7	c.1468T>A	p.Tyr490Asn	missense_variant	Exon 13 of 17	1	NM_000153.4	ENSP00000261304.2

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome AF: 0.00000137 AC: 2 AN: 1460778 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 31 AF XY: 0.00 AC XY: 0 AN XY: 726722

⚠️ The allele balance in gnomAD version 4 Exomes is significantly skewed from the expected value of 0.5.

African (AFR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 33384

American (AMR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 44646

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 26090

East Asian (EAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 39684

South Asian (SAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 86242

European-Finnish (FIN) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 53412

Middle Eastern (MID) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 5754

European-Non Finnish (NFE) AF: 0.00000180 AC: 2 AN: 1111256

Other (OTH) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 60310

⚠️ The allele balance in gnomAD4 Exomes is highly skewed from 0.5 (p-value = 0.000203476), which strongly suggests a high chance of mosaicism in these individuals.

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

Alfa AF: 0.00 Hom.: 0

Bravo AF: 0.00000378

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:3 Uncertain:1

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Submissions by phenotype

Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase deficiency Pathogenic:2 Uncertain:1

Jul 20, 2023

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: GALC c.1468T>A (p.Tyr490Asn) results in a non-conservative amino acid change in the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant was absent in 248974 control chromosomes. c.1468T>A has been reported in the literature in compound heterozygous individuals affected with adult-onset Krabbe Disease (e.g. Iacono_2022) or early infantile Krabbe Disease (e.g. Tappino_2010, Duffner_2011, Wright_2017, Beltran-Quintero_2019) with one report describing a patient asymptomatic apart from decreased GALC activity levels (e.g. Beltran-Quintero_2019). These data indicate that the variant is likely to be associated with disease. At least one publication reports experimental evidence evaluating an impact on protein function. The most pronounced variant effect results in 10%-<30% of normal GALC enzyme activity in vitro (e.g. Saavedra-Martiz_2016). The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 30777126, 21824559, 35013804, 27638593, 20886637, 28855403). Three submitters have cited clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014, classifying the variant as pathogenic (n=1), likely pathogenic (n=1) or uncertain significance (n=1). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic. -

Jul 17, 2017

Counsyl

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

This submission and the accompanying classification are no longer maintained by the submitter. For more information on current observations and classification, please contact variantquestions@myriad.com. -

Feb 11, 2024

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change replaces tyrosine, which is neutral and polar, with asparagine, which is neutral and polar, at codon 490 of the GALC protein (p.Tyr490Asn). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with Krabbe disease (PMID: 20886637, 21824559). In at least one individual the data is consistent with being in trans (on the opposite chromosome) from a pathogenic variant. This variant is also known as p.Tyr474Asn. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 431995). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GALC protein function with a positive predictive value of 95%. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects GALC function (PMID: 27638593). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

not provided Pathogenic:1

Jun 21, 2017

GeneDx

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

A variant that is likely pathogenic has been identified in the GALC gene. The Y490N variant has been reported previously in an individual with a clinical diagnosis of Krabbe disease who was compound heterozygous for Y490N and a second GALC variant; however, insufficient clinical information was provided to confirm diagnosis (Tappino et al., 2010). In vitro expression studies show that Y490N (referred to as Y474N due to alternative nomenclature) causes a reduction of GALC expression (Saavedra-Matiz et al., 2016). The Y490N variant is not observed in large population cohorts (Lek et al., 2016; 1000 Genomes Consortium et al., 2015; Exome Variant Server). The Y490N variant is a semi-conservative amino acid substitution, which may impact secondary protein structure as these residues differ in some properties. This substitution occurs at a position that is conserved across species, and in silico analysis predicts this variant is probably damaging to the protein structure/function. Therefore, this variant is likely pathogenic; however, the possibility that it is benign cannot be excluded. -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.62
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.51	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.50
CADD	Pathogenic	26
DANN	Uncertain	0.99
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.94	D;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.73
Eigen_PC	Uncertain	0.61
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	1.0	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.29	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.94	D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	3.1	M;.;.;.
PhyloP100		8.8
PrimateAI	Uncertain	0.62	T
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-8.1	D;D;D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.81
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	D;D;D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.0050	D;D;D;D
Polyphen		1.0	D;D;D;.
Vest4		0.99
MutPred		0.63		Gain of relative solvent accessibility (P = 0.0166);.;.;.;
MVP		0.99
MPC		0.75
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		6.1
Varity_R		0.90
gMVP		0.98
Mutation Taster		=1/99	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.0		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs202135871; hg19: chr14-88414093;