7-44145620-C-T

Variant names:

• chr7-44145620-C-T
• rs193922264
• NM_000162.5:c.1130G>A

Variant summary

Our verdict is Likely pathogenic. The variant received 8 ACMG points: 8P and 0B. PM5_Supporting PP2 PP3 PM2_Supporting PP4_Moderate PS4_Moderate

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.1130G>A variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK, causes an amino acid change of arginine to histidine at codon 377 (p.(Arg377His)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and where pathogenic missense variants are a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.981, which is greater than the MDEP VCEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). This variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 4 unrelated individuals with hyperglycemia (PS4_Moderate; PMID 30155490, 17573900, internal lab contributors). This variant was identified in an individual with a clinical history highly specific for GCK-hyperglycemia (FBG 5.5-8 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6 - 7.6% and 3 generation family history of hyperglycemia) (PP4_Moderate; internal lab contributors). Another missense variant, c.1129C>T p.Arg377Cys, has been classified as pathogenic by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP but has a greater Grantham distance than p.Arg377His. Another missense variant, c.1129C>A p.Arg377Ser, has been classified as likely pathogenic by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (PM5_Supporting). In summary, this variant meets the criteria to be classified as likely pathogenic for monogenic diabetes. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 6/7/2023) : PP2, PP3, PM2_Supporting, PS4_Moderate, PP4_Moderate, PM5_Supporting. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA213715/MONDO:0015967/086

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 33)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 0.0 (0 hom.)
  • Failed GnomAD Quality Control
• Consequence: GCK NM_000162.5 missense
• Clinical Significance: Likely pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:4 U:2
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 6.10
• Publications: 10 publications found

Genes affected

GCK (HGNC:4195): (glucokinase) This gene encodes a member of the hexokinase family of proteins. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of this gene result in distinct protein isoforms that exhibit tissue-specific expression in the pancreas and liver. In the pancreas, this enzyme plays a role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while in the liver, this enzyme is important in glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen. Mutations in this gene that alter enzyme activity have been associated with multiple types of diabetes and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

GCK Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics, Orphanet
• maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Genomics England PanelApp, Ambry Genetics
• monogenic diabetes

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: ClinGen
• diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1

  Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG, MODERATE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics
• transient neonatal diabetes mellitus

  Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• maturity-onset diabetes of the young

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet

ENSG00000300758 (HGNC:):

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Likely_pathogenic. The variant received 8 ACMG points.

• PS4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM5: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GCK	NM_000162.5	c.1130G>A	p.Arg377His	missense_variant	Exon 9 of 10	ENST00000403799.8	NP_000153.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GCK	ENST00000403799.8	c.1130G>A	p.Arg377His	missense_variant	Exon 9 of 10	1	NM_000162.5	ENSP00000384247.3

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 33

GnomAD4 exome Data not reliable, filtered out with message: AC0 AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 1454470 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.00 AC XY: 0 AN XY: 723572

African (AFR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 33430

American (AMR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 44390

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 26024

East Asian (EAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 39574

South Asian (SAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 85722

European-Finnish (FIN) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 48468

Middle Eastern (MID) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 5762

European-Non Finnish (NFE) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 1110886

Other (OTH) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 60214

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 33

Alfa AF: 0.000293 Hom.: 0

ClinVar

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:4 Uncertain:2

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Submissions by phenotype

not provided Pathogenic:2

May 08, 2025

GeneDx

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (gnomAD); In silico analysis supports that this missense variant has a deleterious effect on protein structure/function; Missense variants in this gene are a common cause of disease and they are underrepresented in the general population; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 30155490, 24430320, 36257325, 17573900, 34746319, 36100423) -

Nov 17, 2023

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change replaces arginine, which is basic and polar, with histidine, which is basic and polar, at codon 377 of the GCK protein (p.Arg377His). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This missense change has been observed in individuals with clinical features of autosomal dominant maturity-onset diabetes of the young and/or GCK-related conditions and/or GCK-related conditions (PMID: 17573900, 24430320, 30155490, 34746319). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 36176). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GCK protein function with a positive predictive value of 80%. This variant disrupts the p.Arg377 amino acid residue in GCK. Other variant(s) that disrupt this residue have been observed in individuals with GCK-related conditions (PMID: 17573900, 19790256, 34746319), which suggests that this may be a clinically significant amino acid residue. In summary, the currently available evidence indicates that the variant is pathogenic, but additional data are needed to prove that conclusively. Therefore, this variant has been classified as Likely Pathogenic. -

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 Pathogenic:1

Jan 23, 2019

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: GCK c.1130G>A (p.Arg377His) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the Hexokinase, C-terminal domain of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function consistent with an ExAC z score of 4.39 indicative of a gene relatively intolerant to benign missense variation (ACMG PP3, PP2). The variant was absent in 231478 control chromosomes (gnomAD and publication) (ACMG PM2). c.1130G>A has been reported in the literature in at-least 5 affected individuals from diverse ethnicities (UK, Spain, China) diagnosed with MODY 2 (Huang_2018, Steele_2014, Estalella_2007). It reportedly co-segregated with diabetes in more than one affected family member in at-least one of the families ascertained (Estalella_2007). These data indicate that the variant is likely to be associated with disease (ACMG PS4). To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. A ClinVar submission from a clinical diagnostic laboratory (evaluation after 2014) cites the variant as uncertain significance. This variant was previously classified as a VUS-possibly pathogenic variant that was converted during ClinVar submission to likely pathogenic in 2011. As summarized above, at-least two new reports indicating its presence in individuals diagnosed with MODY2 or a related diabetic phenotype have emerged since its original classification. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic. -

Monogenic diabetes Pathogenic:1

Aug 08, 2023

ClinGen Monogenic Diabetes Variant Curation Expert Panel

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: reviewed by expert panel

Collection Method: curation

The c.1130G>A variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK, causes an amino acid change of arginine to histidine at codon 377 (p.(Arg377His)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and where pathogenic missense variants are a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.981, which is greater than the MDEP VCEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). This variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 4 unrelated individuals with hyperglycemia (PS4_Moderate; PMID 30155490, 17573900, internal lab contributors). This variant was identified in an individual with a clinical history highly specific for GCK-hyperglycemia (FBG 5.5-8 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6 - 7.6% and 3 generation family history of hyperglycemia) (PP4_Moderate; internal lab contributors). Another missense variant, c.1129C>T p.Arg377Cys, has been classified as pathogenic by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP but has a greater Grantham distance than p.Arg377His. Another missense variant, c.1129C>A p.Arg377Ser, has been classified as likely pathogenic by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (PM5_Supporting). In summary, this variant meets the criteria to be classified as likely pathogenic for monogenic diabetes. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 6/7/2023) : PP2, PP3, PM2_Supporting, PS4_Moderate, PP4_Moderate, PM5_Supporting. -

not specified Uncertain:1

Mar 22, 2017

Athena Diagnostics

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Maturity onset diabetes mellitus in young Uncertain:1

Mar 04, 2020

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The p.R377H variant (also known as c.1130G>A), located in coding exon 9 of the GCK gene, results from a G to A substitution at nucleotide position 1130. The arginine at codon 377 is replaced by histidine, an amino acid with highly similar properties. This variant was identified in two relatives from one family in which the proband had no autoantibodies and elevated fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test, or diabetes during the first three decades of life (Estalella I et al. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf), 2007 Oct;67:538-46). It was also identified in cohorts of individuals with GCK variants; however, details were limited (Steele AM et al. JAMA, 2014 Jan;311:279-86; Huang X et al. J Diabetes Res, 2018 Aug;2018:7842064). This amino acid position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. In addition, this alteration is predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Based on available evidence to date, the clinical significance of this alteration remains unclear. -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.94
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.56	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.57
CADD	Pathogenic	34
DANN	Pathogenic	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.82	.;D;D;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.93
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.83
FATHMM_MKL	Uncertain	0.97	D
LIST_S2	Benign	0.82	T;D;D;.;T;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.92	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	0.95	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	3.7	.;.;H;.;.;.
PhyloP100		6.1
PrimateAI	Pathogenic	0.87	D
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-4.8	.;D;D;D;D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.98
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	.;D;D;D;D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.015	D;D;D;D;D;D
Polyphen		1.0	D;.;D;D;D;D
Vest4		0.99
MutPred		1.0		.;.;Loss of MoRF binding (P = 0.0301);.;.;.;
MVP		0.99
MPC		2.5
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		5.2
Varity_R		0.96
gMVP		1.0
Mutation Taster		=1/99	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.0		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs193922264; hg19: chr7-44185219;