7-44153411-A-G

Variant names:

• chr7-44153411-A-G
• rs1554335954
• NM_000162.5:c.98T>C

Variant summary

Our verdict is Likely pathogenic. The variant received 9 ACMG points: 9P and 0B. PP2 PP3 PM2_Supporting PP4_Moderate PS4

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.98T>C variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK, causes an amnio acid change of valine to alanine at codon 33 (p.(Val33Ala)) of NM_000162.5. This variant was identified in at least 17 unrelated individuals with hyperglycemia (PS4; PMID:22332836, 26641800, 36257325 internal lab contributors). This variant is absent from gnomAD v4.1.0 (PM2_Supporting). GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and has pathogenic missense variants as a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.929, which is greater than the MDEP VCEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). This variant was identified in an individual with a clinical history highly specific for GCK-hyperglycemia (fasting glucose 5.5-8 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6 - 7.6% and antibody negative (PP4_Moderate; internal lab contributors). The relative activity index (RAI) of this variant was above the MDEP cutoff of 0.5, and thermostability was not evaluated; therefore PS3 was not applied (PMID:28842611). Additional missense variants at the same codon, c.98T>A p.(Val33Glu) and c.98T>G p.(Val33Gly) have been classified as a VUS by the ClinGen MDEP; therefore, PM5 will not be applied. In summary, c.98T>C meets the criteria to be classified as likely pathogenic for monogenic diabetes. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP (specification version 2.0.0, approved 2/17/2025): PS4, PM2_Supporting, PP2, PP3, PP4_Moderate. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA367403604/MONDO:0015967/086

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
• Consequence: GCK NM_000162.5 missense
• Clinical Significance: Likely pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:3 U:1
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 9.29
• Publications: 1 publications found

Genes affected

GCK (HGNC:4195): (glucokinase) This gene encodes a member of the hexokinase family of proteins. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of this gene result in distinct protein isoforms that exhibit tissue-specific expression in the pancreas and liver. In the pancreas, this enzyme plays a role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while in the liver, this enzyme is important in glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen. Mutations in this gene that alter enzyme activity have been associated with multiple types of diabetes and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

GCK Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics, Orphanet
• maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Ambry Genetics, Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)
• monogenic diabetes

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: ClinGen
• diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1

  Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG, MODERATE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics
• transient neonatal diabetes mellitus

  Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• maturity-onset diabetes of the young

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Likely_pathogenic. The variant received 9 ACMG points.

• PS4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Variant Effect in Transcripts

ACMG analysis was done for transcript: NM_000162.5. You can select a different transcript below to see updated ACMG assignments.

RefSeq Transcripts

Sel.	Gene	Transcript	Tags	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon Rank	Protein	UniProt
	GCK	NM_000162.5	MANE Select	c.98T>C	p.Val33Ala	missense	Exon 2 of 10	NP_000153.1	Q53Y25
	GCK	NM_033507.3		c.101T>C	p.Val34Ala	missense	Exon 2 of 10	NP_277042.1	P35557-2
	GCK	NM_033508.3		c.95T>C	p.Val32Ala	missense	Exon 3 of 11	NP_277043.1	P35557-3

Ensembl Transcripts

Sel.	Gene	Transcript	Tags	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon Rank	Protein	UniProt
	GCK	ENST00000403799.8	TSL:1 MANE Select	c.98T>C	p.Val33Ala	missense	Exon 2 of 10	ENSP00000384247.3	P35557-1
	GCK	ENST00000395796.8	TSL:1	n.*96T>C		non_coding_transcript_exon	Exon 3 of 11	ENSP00000379142.4	A0A8C8KJG0
	GCK	ENST00000395796.8	TSL:1	n.*96T>C		3_prime_UTR	Exon 3 of 11	ENSP00000379142.4	A0A8C8KJG0

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 34

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

ClinVar

ClinVar submissions

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Pathogenic	VUS	Benign	Condition
1	1	-	not provided (2)
1	-	-	Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (1)
1	-	-	Monogenic diabetes (1)

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.9

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.73
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.52	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.51
CADD	Pathogenic	27
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.88	D
Eigen	Uncertain	0.62
Eigen_PC	Uncertain	0.64
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.99	D
LIST_S2	Benign	0.84	T
M_CAP	Uncertain	0.27	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.96	D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Uncertain	2.0	M
PhyloP100		9.3
PrimateAI	Uncertain	0.65	T
PROVEAN	Uncertain	-3.8	D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.93
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	D
Sift4G	Pathogenic	0.0010	D
Polyphen		0.86	P
Vest4		0.75
MutPred		0.87		Loss of methylation at K32 (P = 0.0432)
MVP		1.0
MPC		2.3
ClinPred		0.99	D
GERP RS		5.3
Varity_R		0.85
gMVP		1.0
Mutation Taster		=1/99	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.010		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs1554335954; hg19: chr7-44193010;