NM_001368894.2:c.131G>A

Variant names:

• chr11-31802714-C-T
• rs1554985722
• NM_001368894.2:c.131G>A

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 11 ACMG points: 11P and 0B. PM1 PM2 PM5 PP2 PP3_Strong

The NM_001368894.2(PAX6):​c.131G>A​(p.Arg44Gln) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.000000685 in 1,460,258 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. 13/22 in silico tools predict a damaging outcome for this variant. No clinical diagnostic laboratories have submitted clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar. Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. R44P) has been classified as Pathogenic.

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 31)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 6.8e-7 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: PAX6 NM_001368894.2 missense
• Clinical Significance: Not reported in ClinVar
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 7.86
• Publications: 1 publications found

Genes affected

PAX6 (HGNC:8620): (paired box 6) This gene encodes paired box protein Pax-6, one of many human homologs of the Drosophila melanogaster gene prd. In addition to a conserved paired box domain, a hallmark feature of this gene family, the encoded protein also contains a homeobox domain. Both domains are known to bind DNA and function as regulators of gene transcription. Activity of this protein is key in the development of neural tissues, particularly the eye. This gene is regulated by multiple enhancers located up to hundreds of kilobases distant from this locus. Mutations in this gene or in the enhancer regions can cause ocular disorders such as aniridia and Peter's anomaly. Use of alternate promoters and alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Interestingly, inclusion of a particular alternate coding exon has been shown to increase the length of the paired box domain and alter its DNA binding specificity. Consequently, isoforms that carry the shorter paired box domain regulate a different set of genes compared to the isoforms carrying the longer paired box domain. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2019]

PAX6 Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• aniridia 1

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, G2P, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)
• PAX6-related ocular dysgenesis

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: ClinGen
• Peters anomaly

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: PanelApp Australia, G2P, Orphanet, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae)
• coloboma, ocular, autosomal dominant

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: PanelApp Australia
• diabetes mellitus

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• aniridia-cerebellar ataxia-intellectual disability syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• foveal hypoplasia-presenile cataract syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• isolated aniridia

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• isolated optic nerve hypoplasia

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• autosomal dominant keratitis

  Inheritance: Unknown, AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE, LIMITED Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Orphanet

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 11 ACMG points.

• PM1: In a hotspot region, there are 14 aminoacids with missense pathogenic changes in the window of +-8 aminoacids around while only 0 benign, 3 uncertain in NM_001368894.2
• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PM5: Other missense variant is known to change same aminoacid residue: Variant chr11-31802714-C-G is described in ClinVar as Pathogenic. ClinVar VariationId is 430901.Status of the report is no_assertion_criteria_provided, 0 stars.
• PP2: Missense variant in the PAX6 gene, where missense mutations are typically associated with disease (based on misZ statistic). The gene has 75 curated pathogenic missense variants (we use a threshold of 10). The gene has 15 curated benign missense variants. Gene score misZ: 2.8175 (below the threshold of 3.09). Trascript score misZ: 3.256 (above the threshold of 3.09). GenCC associations: The gene is linked to Peters anomaly, diabetes mellitus, aniridia-cerebellar ataxia-intellectual disability syndrome, foveal hypoplasia-presenile cataract syndrome, aniridia 1, PAX6-related ocular dysgenesis, coloboma, ocular, autosomal dominant, isolated optic nerve hypoplasia, autosomal dominant keratitis, isolated aniridia.
• PP3: MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.989

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
PAX6	NM_001368894.2	c.131G>A	p.Arg44Gln	missense_variant	Exon 5 of 14	ENST00000640368.2	NP_001355823.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
PAX6	ENST00000640368.2	c.131G>A	p.Arg44Gln	missense_variant	Exon 5 of 14	5	NM_001368894.2	ENSP00000492024.1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 31

GnomAD4 exome AF: 6.85e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1460258 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.00 AC XY: 0 AN XY: 726174

African (AFR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 33442

American (AMR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 44654

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 26116

East Asian (EAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 39662

South Asian (SAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 86110

European-Finnish (FIN) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 53138

Middle Eastern (MID) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 5758

European-Non Finnish (NFE) AF: 9.00e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1111074

Other (OTH) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 60304

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 31

ClinVar

Not reported in ClinVar

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	1.0
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.54	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.53
CADD	Pathogenic	30
DANN	Pathogenic	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.96	.;.;.;D;D;D;D;D;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;D;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.81
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.73
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.97	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.99	.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;D;.;D;D;D;D;D;D;.;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.92	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.0	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	3.8	H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;H;.;H;.;.;H;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.
PhyloP100		7.9
PrimateAI	Pathogenic	0.86	D
PROVEAN	Uncertain	-3.4	.;.;D;.;.;.;D;D;D;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;D;.;D;.;D;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;.
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.89
Sift	Uncertain	0.0010	.;.;D;.;.;.;D;D;D;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;D;.;D;.;D;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;.
Sift4G	Pathogenic	0.0	D;.;D;.;.;.;D;.;D;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.
Polyphen		1.0	.;.;.;D;D;D;D;D;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;D;.;.;D;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.
Vest4		0.93
MutPred		0.95		Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);.;Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);Loss of loop (P = 0.0203);
MVP		0.99
MPC		3.5
ClinPred		0.99	D
GERP RS		4.5
Varity_R		0.84
gMVP		0.95
Mutation Taster		=0/100	disease causing

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.0		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs1554985722; hg19: chr11-31824262;