chr16-68815760-G-GT

Variant names:

• chr16-68815760-G-GT
• rs1555516200
• NM_004360.5:c.1565+2dupT

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 14 ACMG points: 14P and 0B. PP1_Moderate PM5_Supporting PM2_Supporting PS4 PP3_Moderate PVS1_Strong

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.1565+2dupT variant is a intronic variant in the donor region of intron 10 (PVS1_Strong, PM5_Supporting). This variant affects the same splice site as a well-characterized splice variant with similar or worse in silico/RNA predictions (PP3_Moderate). This variant is absent in the gnomAD cohort (PM2_Supporting; http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). It has been reported in at least six families meeting HDGC clinical criteria (PS4; PMID:18391748, 23709761, 25315765, 26072394, SCV000665426.2), and was also found to co-segregate with disease in multiple affected family members with 5 meioses observed (PP1_Moderate; PMID:25315765, 22020549, SCV000665426.2). In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as pathogenic based on the ACMG/AMP criteria applied as specified by the CDH1 Variant Curation Expert Panel (Variant Interpretation Guidelines Version 3.1): PVS1_Strong, PS4, PM2_Supporting, PM5_Supporting, PP1_Moderate, PP3_Moderate. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA16614980/MONDO:0007648/007

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 6.8e-7 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: CDH1 NM_004360.5 splice_region, intron
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:11
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 7.46
• Publications: 0 publications found

Genes affected

CDH1 (HGNC:1748): (cadherin 1) This gene encodes a classical cadherin of the cadherin superfamily. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature glycoprotein. This calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion protein is comprised of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Mutations in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid and ovarian cancer. Loss of function of this gene is thought to contribute to cancer progression by increasing proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis. The ectodomain of this protein mediates bacterial adhesion to mammalian cells and the cytoplasmic domain is required for internalization. This gene is present in a gene cluster with other members of the cadherin family on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

CDH1 Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• blepharocheilodontic syndrome 1

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, MODERATE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics, Illumina, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), G2P
• CDH1-related diffuse gastric and lobular breast cancer syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), ClinGen, G2P
• hereditary breast carcinoma

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics
• hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics, Orphanet
• cleft soft palate

  Inheritance: AD Classification: MODERATE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics
• orofacial cleft 3

  Inheritance: AD Classification: MODERATE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics
• blepharocheilodontic syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
• familial ovarian cancer

  Inheritance: AD Classification: NO_KNOWN Submitted by: ClinGen

ENSG00000260798 (HGNC:):

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 14 ACMG points.

• PVS1: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PS4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM5: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP1: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
CDH1	NM_004360.5	c.1565+2dupT		splice_region_variant, intron_variant	Intron 10 of 15	ENST00000261769.10	NP_004351.1
CDH1	NM_001317184.2	c.1382+2dupT		splice_region_variant, intron_variant	Intron 9 of 14		NP_001304113.1
CDH1	NM_001317185.2	c.17+2dupT		splice_region_variant, intron_variant	Intron 10 of 15		NP_001304114.1
CDH1	NM_001317186.2	c.-255+2dupT		splice_region_variant, intron_variant	Intron 10 of 14		NP_001304115.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
CDH1	ENST00000261769.10	c.1565+1_1565+2insT		splice_donor_variant, intron_variant	Intron 10 of 15	1	NM_004360.5	ENSP00000261769.4

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome AF: 6.84e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1461860 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.00000138 AC XY: 1 AN XY: 727226

African (AFR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 33480

American (AMR) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 44724

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 26136

East Asian (EAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 39700

South Asian (SAS) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 86258

European-Finnish (FIN) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 53418

Middle Eastern (MID) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 5750

European-Non Finnish (NFE) AF: 8.99e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1112000

Other (OTH) AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 60394

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:11

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Submissions by phenotype

Hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma Pathogenic:4

Jun 14, 2023

Myriad Genetics, Inc.

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is considered likely pathogenic. This variant occurs within a consensus splice junction and is predicted to result in abnormal mRNA splicing of either an out-of-frame exon or an in-frame exon necessary for protein stability and/or normal function. mRNA analysis has demonstrated abnormal mRNA splicing occurs [Myriad internal data]. This variant has been reported in multiple individuals with clinical features of gene-specific disease [PMID: 22020549, 18391748, 25315765, 23709761]. -

Nov 20, 2024

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change falls in intron 10 of the CDH1 gene. It does not directly change the encoded amino acid sequence of the CDH1 protein. It affects a nucleotide within the consensus splice site. This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This variant has been observed in individuals with diffuse gastric cancer (PMID: 18391748, 22020549, 25315765, 26072394). It has also been observed to segregate with disease in related individuals. This variant is also known as c.1565+2insT. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 406624). Variants that disrupt the consensus splice site are a relatively common cause of aberrant splicing (PMID: 17576681, 9536098). Studies have shown that this variant is associated with inconclusive levels of altered splicing (internal data). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

Oct 05, 2021

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: CDH1 c.1565+2dupT alters a conserved nucleotide located close to a canonical splice site and therefore could affect mRNA splicing, leading to a significantly altered protein sequence. Several computational tools predict a significant impact on normal splicing: Four predict the variant abolishes the canonical 5' splicing donor site. However, these predictions have yet to be confirmed by functional studies. The variant was absent in 251328 control chromosomes. c.1565+2dupT has been reported in the literature in multiple individuals affected with Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer and Gastric Cancer (example, Rogers_2008, Kluijt_2011 and Nadauld_2014). These data strongly suggest variant is very likely to be associated with disease. To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. Three clinical diagnostic laboratories and an expert panel (ClinGen CDH1 Variant Curation Expert Panel) have submitted clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014 without evidence for independent evaluation. One laboratory have classified the variant as likely pathogenic while two laboratories and the expert panel have classified the variant as pathogenic. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as pathogenic. -

Aug 01, 2022

European Reference Network on Genetic Tumour Risk Syndromes (ERN-GENTURIS), i3s - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

PS4; PM2; PP1_Moderate; PP3_Moderate (PMID: 30311375) -

not provided Pathogenic:3

Oct 14, 2024

Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The CDH1 c.1565+2dup variant disrupts a canonical splice-donor site and interferes with normal CDH1 mRNA splicing. This variant has been reported in the published literature in individuals from different families with diffuse gastric cancer (PMID: 18391748 (2008), 22020549 (2012), 23709761 (2013), 25315765 (2014), 26072394 (2015)). This variant has not been reported in large, multi-ethnic general populations (Genome Aggregation Database, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). Based on the available information, this variant is classified as pathogenic. -

Jul 06, 2023

GeneDx

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Intronic variant directly or indirectly altering the +5 splice site in a gene for which loss of function is a known mechanism of disease, and splice predictors support a deleterious effect; Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (gnomAD); This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 31125277, 24389957, 33929593, 30745422, 34949788, 22020549, 23709761, 28688938, 26182300, 25315765, 35626031, 26072394, 36436516, 18391748) -

Jan 03, 2021

ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The CDH1 c.1565+2dup; p.? variant (rs1555516200) is reported in the literature in at least five probands and multiple family members who were affected with diffuse gastric cancer (Benusiglio 2013, Kluijt 2012, Nadauld 2014, Rogers 2008, and van der Post 2015). This variant is also reported in ClinVar (Variation ID: 406624), but it is absent from general population databases (Exome Variant Server, Genome Aggregation Database), which indicates that it is not a common polymorphism. This is an intronic variant in a highly conserved nucleotide, and computational analyses (Alamut v.2.11) predict that this variant abolishes the canonical splice donor site. Based on the available information, this variant is considered to be pathogenic. -

Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome Pathogenic:2

Jun 29, 2020

Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant causes a single nucleotide insertion at the +3 position in the intron 10 splice acceptor site of the CDH1 gene. Splice site prediction tools predict that this variant may have a significant impact on RNA splicing. Although this prediction has not been confirmed in published RNA studies, this variant is expected to result in an absent or disrupted protein product. To our knowledge, functional studies have not been performed for this variant. This variant has been reported in multiple individuals affected with diffused gastric cancer (PMID: 18391748, 22020549, 23709761, 25315765, 26072394, 26182300). This variant has not been identified in the general population by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Based on the available evidence, this variant is classified as Likely Pathogenic. -

Aug 08, 2024

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The c.1565+2dupT intronic pathogenic mutation results from a duplication of a T nucleotide two nucleotide positions after coding exon 10 of the CDH1 gene. This mutation has been reported in multiple individuals with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) as well as their affected family members (Rogers WM et al. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008 Jun; 32(6):799-809; Nadauld LD et al. Genome Biol., 2014 Aug;15:428). This mutation has also been reported in a hereditary gastric cancer family in which gastric cancer occurred in at least four family members at ages 43 to 56. Authors note that of the 16 additional relatives who tested positive for this mutation, 14 underwent prophylactic gastrectomy. In six prophylactic treated patients, only subtle gastric abnormalities were observed, and in one patient a total absence of typical HDGC-related histological findings was observed; however, ages of prophylactic gastrectomies were not provided (Kluijt I et al. Int. J. Cancer 2012 Jul;131:367-76). In silico splice site analysis predicts that this alteration may weaken the native splice donor site and will result in the creation or strengthening of a novel splice donor site; however, direct evidence is insufficient at this time (Ambry internal data). Based on the available evidence, this alteration is interpreted as a disease-causing mutation. -

CDH1-related diffuse gastric and lobular breast cancer syndrome Pathogenic:1

Aug 30, 2023

ClinGen CDH1 Variant Curation Expert Panel

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: reviewed by expert panel

Collection Method: curation

The c.1565+2dupT variant is a intronic variant in the donor region of intron 10 (PVS1_Strong, PM5_Supporting). This variant affects the same splice site as a well-characterized splice variant with similar or worse in silico/RNA predictions (PP3_Moderate). This variant is absent in the gnomAD cohort (PM2_Supporting; http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). It has been reported in at least six families meeting HDGC clinical criteria (PS4; PMID: 18391748, 23709761, 25315765, 26072394, SCV000665426.2), and was also found to co-segregate with disease in multiple affected family members with 5 meioses observed (PP1_Moderate; PMID: 25315765, 22020549, SCV000665426.2). In summary, this variant meets criteria to be classified as pathogenic based on the ACMG/AMP criteria applied as specified by the CDH1 Variant Curation Expert Panel (Variant Interpretation Guidelines Version 3.1): PVS1_Strong, PS4, PM2_Supporting, PM5_Supporting, PP1_Moderate, PP3_Moderate. -

Familial cancer of breast Pathogenic:1

Nov 21, 2022

Baylor Genetics

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
PhyloP100		7.5
Mutation Taster		=0/100	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.63		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2
DS_DG_spliceai		0.63		Position offset: 5
DS_DL_spliceai		0.47		Position offset: -1

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs1555516200; hg19: chr16-68849663;