chr2-47480695-G-C

Variant names:

• chr2-47480695-G-C
• rs1060501991
• NM_000251.3:c.2459-1G>C

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 12 ACMG points: 12P and 0B. PVS1_Moderate PM2 PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000251.3(MSH2):​c.2459-1G>C variant causes a splice acceptor, intron change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant was absent in control chromosomes in GnomAD project. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. 3/3 splice prediction tools predicting alterations to normal splicing. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★).

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 31)
• Consequence: MSH2 NM_000251.3 splice_acceptor, intron
• Scores: Splicing: ADA: 1.000
• Clinical Significance: Likely pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:4
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 9.24
• Publications: 1 publications found

Genes affected

MSH2 (HGNC:7325): (mutS homolog 2) This locus is frequently mutated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). When cloned, it was discovered to be a human homolog of the E. coli mismatch repair gene mutS, consistent with the characteristic alterations in microsatellite sequences (RER+ phenotype) found in HNPCC. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

MSH2 Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• Lynch syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: G2P, ClinGen, Orphanet
• Lynch syndrome 1

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Genomics England PanelApp, Ambry Genetics
• Muir-Torre syndrome

  Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Orphanet, G2P
• mismatch repair cancer syndrome 1

  Inheritance: AR Classification: DEFINITIVE, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: ClinGen, Orphanet
• mismatch repair cancer syndrome 2

  Inheritance: AR Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), G2P
• ovarian cancer

  Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• malignant pancreatic neoplasm

  Inheritance: AD Classification: MODERATE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• prostate cancer

  Inheritance: AD Classification: MODERATE Submitted by: Ambry Genetics
• rhabdomyosarcoma

  Inheritance: AR Classification: MODERATE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
• breast cancer

  Inheritance: AD Classification: NO_KNOWN Submitted by: Ambry Genetics
• hereditary breast carcinoma

  Inheritance: AD Classification: NO_KNOWN Submitted by: ClinGen

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 12 ACMG points.

• PVS1: Splicing +-2 bp (donor or acceptor) variant, product NOT destroyed by NMD, known LOF gene, truncates exone, which is 0.0627451 fraction of the gene. Cryptic splice site detected, with MaxEntScore 6.5, offset of 36, new splice context is: ttttgggattcatgttgcAGagc. Cryptic site results in inframe change. If cryptic site found is not functional and variant results in exon loss, it results in frameshift change.
• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PP5: Variant 2-47480695-G-C is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr2-47480695-G-C is described in ClinVar as Likely_pathogenic. ClinVar VariationId is 576340.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.

Variant Effect in Transcripts

ACMG analysis was done for transcript: NM_000251.3. You can select a different transcript below to see updated ACMG assignments.

RefSeq Transcripts

Selected	Gene	Transcript	Tags	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon Rank	Protein	UniProt
	MSH2	NM_000251.3	MANE Select	c.2459-1G>C		splice_acceptor intron	N/A	NP_000242.1
	MSH2	NM_001406674.1		c.2459-1G>C		splice_acceptor intron	N/A	NP_001393603.1
	MSH2	NM_001406631.1		c.2459-1G>C		splice_acceptor intron	N/A	NP_001393560.1

Ensembl Transcripts

Selected	Gene	Transcript	Tags	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon Rank	Protein	UniProt
	MSH2	ENST00000233146.7	TSL:1 MANE Select	c.2459-1G>C		splice_acceptor intron	N/A	ENSP00000233146.2
	MSH2	ENST00000406134.5	TSL:1	c.2459-1G>C		splice_acceptor intron	N/A	ENSP00000384199.1
	MSH2	ENST00000713867.1		n.*311G>C		non_coding_transcript_exon	Exon 15 of 16	ENSP00000519172.1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 31

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 31

ClinVar

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:4

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Submissions by phenotype

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer Pathogenic:1

Sep 13, 2022

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: MSH2 c.2459-1G>C is located in a canonical splice-site and is predicted to affect mRNA splicing resulting in a significantly altered protein due to either exon skipping, shortening, or inclusion of intronic material. Several computational tools predict a significant impact on normal splicing: Four predict the variant abolishes a 3 acceptor site. However, these predictions have yet to be confirmed by functional studies. The variant was absent in 251342 control chromosomes (gnomAD). c.2459-1G>C has been reported in the literature in individuals affected with Lynch Syndrome (Wischhusen_2019, Ferrer-Avargues_2021). These data indicate that the variant may be associated with disease. To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. One ClinVar submitter (evaluation after 2014) cite the variant as likely pathogenic. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic.

Lynch syndrome 1 Pathogenic:1

Aug 08, 2023

Myriad Genetics, Inc.

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is considered likely pathogenic. This variant occurs within a consensus splice junction and is predicted to result in abnormal mRNA splicing of either an out-of-frame exon or an in-frame exon necessary for protein stability and/or normal function.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms Pathogenic:1

Apr 30, 2019

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Donor and acceptor splice site variants typically lead to a loss of protein function (PMID: 16199547), and loss-of-function variants in MSH2 are known to be pathogenic (PMID: 15849733, 24362816). In summary, the currently available evidence indicates that the variant is pathogenic, but additional data are needed to prove that conclusively. Therefore, this variant has been classified as Likely Pathogenic. This variant has not been reported in the literature in individuals with MSH2-related disease. This variant is not present in population databases (ExAC no frequency). This sequence change affects an acceptor splice site in intron 14 of the MSH2 gene. It is expected to disrupt RNA splicing and likely results in an absent or disrupted protein product.

Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome Pathogenic:1

Apr 11, 2023

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The c.2459-1G>C intronic variant results from a G to C substitution one nucleotide upstream from coding exon 15 of the MSH2 gene. Alterations that disrupt the canonical splice site are expected to result in aberrant splicing. In silico splice site analysis predicts that this alteration will weaken the native splice acceptor site and will result in the creation or strengthening of a novel splice acceptor site; however, direct evidence is insufficient at this time (Ambry internal data). The resulting transcript is predicted to be in-frame and is not expected to trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay; however, direct evidence is unavailable. The exact functional effect of the altered amino acid sequence is unknown. This variant has been identified in a proband whose Lynch syndrome-associated tumor demonstrated loss of MSH2/MSH6 expression by immunohistochemistry (Ferrer-Avargues R et al. Cancer Commun (Lond), 2021 Mar;41:218-228). In addition, this alteration has been observed in at least one individual with a family history of urinary tract cancer (Wischhusen JW et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2020 Jan;29:193-199). This variant has been identified in a proband whose Lynch syndrome-associated tumor demonstrated loss of MSH2/MSH6 expression by immunohistochemistry (interlaboratory communication). This variant is considered to be rare based on population cohorts in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). This nucleotide position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. Based on the majority of available evidence to date, this variant is likely to be pathogenic.

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.9

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.63	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.34
CADD	Pathogenic	34
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
Eigen	Pathogenic	1.2
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	1.0
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.99	D
PhyloP100		9.2
GERP RS		5.5
RBP_binding_hub_radar		0.0
RBP_regulation_power_radar		1.7
Mutation Taster		=0/100	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
dbscSNV1_ADA	Pathogenic	1.0
dbscSNV1_RF	Pathogenic	0.93
SpliceAI score (max)		0.99		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2
DS_AG_spliceai		0.51		Position offset: 37
DS_AL_spliceai		0.99		Position offset: 1

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs1060501991; hg19: chr2-47707834;