chr3-37042314-G-A

Position:

• chr3-37042314-G-A

Variant summary

Our verdict is Likely pathogenic. Variant got 9 ACMG points: 9P and 0B. PM1 PM2 PM5 PP3_Moderate PP5

The NM_000249.4(MLH1):​c.1714G>A​(p.Gly572Ser) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant was absent in control chromosomes in GnomAD project. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity (no stars). Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. G572D) has been classified as Uncertain significance.

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
• Consequence: MLH1 NM_000249.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity criteria provided, conflicting classifications P:3 U:4
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 8.93

Genes affected

MLH1 (HGNC:7127): (mutL homolog 1) The protein encoded by this gene can heterodimerize with mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 to form MutL alpha, part of the DNA mismatch repair system. When MutL alpha is bound by MutS beta and some accessory proteins, the PMS2 subunit of MutL alpha introduces a single-strand break near DNA mismatches, providing an entry point for exonuclease degradation. The encoded protein is also involved in DNA damage signaling and can heterodimerize with DNA mismatch repair protein MLH3 to form MutL gamma, which is involved in meiosis. This gene was identified as a locus frequently mutated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

ACMG classification

Verdict is Likely_pathogenic. Variant got 9 ACMG points.

• PM1: In a hotspot region, there are 2 aminoacids with missense pathogenic changes in the window of +-8 aminoacids around while only 4 benign, 17 uncertain in NM_000249.4
• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PM5: Other missense variant is known to change same aminoacid residue: Variant chr3-37042315-G-T is described in ClinVar as [Likely_pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 2820507.Status of the report is criteria_provided_single_submitter, 1 stars.
• PP3: MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.864
• PP5: Variant 3-37042314-G-A is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr3-37042314-G-A is described in ClinVar as [Conflicting_classifications_of_pathogenicity]. Clinvar id is 141502.We mark this variant Likely_pathogenic, oryginal submissions are: {Likely_pathogenic=3, Uncertain_significance=3}.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	MANE	UniProt
MLH1	NM_000249.4	c.1714G>A	p.Gly572Ser	missense_variant	15/19	ENST00000231790.8

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	TSL	MANE	Appris	UniProt
MLH1	ENST00000231790.8	c.1714G>A	p.Gly572Ser	missense_variant	15/19	1	NM_000249.4	P1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 29

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

ClinVar

Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:3 Uncertain:4

Revision: criteria provided, conflicting classifications

Submissions by phenotype

Colorectal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis, type 2 Pathogenic:1 Uncertain:1

Uncertain significance, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Baylor Genetics	Oct 30, 2023	- -
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Myriad Genetics, Inc.	Apr 12, 2024	This variant is considered likely pathogenic. mRNA analysis has demonstrated abnormal mRNA splicing occurs [Myriad internal data]. -

Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome Pathogenic:1 Uncertain:1

Uncertain significance, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health	Sep 30, 2018	- -
Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Ambry Genetics	Apr 04, 2023	The p.G572S variant (also known as c.1714G>A), located in coding exon 15 of the MLH1 gene, results from a G to A substitution at nucleotide position 1714. The glycine at codon 572 is replaced by serine, an amino acid with similar properties. This variant has been identified in many probands whose Lynch syndrome-associated tumors demonstrated high microsatellite instability and/or loss of either PMS2 or both MLH1/PMS2 expression by immunohistochemistry and one met Amsterdam II criteria (Ambry internal data; Fokkema IF et al. Hum Mutat, 2011 May;32:557-63). In addition, several probands that had loss of both MLH1/PMS2 expression in their tumors also reported negative MLH1 promoter hypermethylation (Ambry internal data). This variant is considered to be rare based on population cohorts in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). This nucleotide position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. In silico splice site analysis predicts that this alteration will weaken the native splice donor site. RNA studies have demonstrated that this alteration results in abnormal splicing in the set of samples tested (Ambry internal data). Based on the majority of available evidence to date, this variant is likely to be pathogenic. -

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms Pathogenic:1

Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Aug 28, 2023

Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt MLH1 protein function. This sequence change replaces glycine, which is neutral and non-polar, with serine, which is neutral and polar, at codon 572 of the MLH1 protein (p.Gly572Ser). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This missense change has been observed in individuals with Lynch syndrome (Invitae; external communication). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 141502). Algorithms developed to predict the effect of sequence changes on RNA splicing suggest that this variant may disrupt the consensus splice site. In summary, the currently available evidence indicates that the variant is pathogenic, but additional data are needed to prove that conclusively. Therefore, this variant has been classified as Likely Pathogenic. -

not specified Uncertain:1

Uncertain significance, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine

Jan 11, 2017

The p.Gly572Ser variant in MLH1 has not been previously reported in the literatu re in individuals with Lynch syndrome, but has been reported in ClinVar (Variati on ID 141502). This variant was absent from large population studies. Computatio nal prediction tools and conservation analysis do not provide strong support for or against an impact to the protein. In summary, the clinical significance of t he p.Gly572Ser variant is uncertain. -

Carcinoma of colon Uncertain:1

Uncertain significance, no assertion criteria provided

clinical testing

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System

-

The MLH1 p.Gly572Ser variant was not identified in the literature nor was it identified in the UMD-LSDB database. The variant was identified in dbSNP (rs587781796) as “with uncertain significance allele” and ClinVar (interpreted as "uncertain significance" by Invitae and 3 others). The variant was not identified in the following control databases: the Exome Aggregation Consortium (August 8th 2016), or the Genome Aggregation Database (Feb 27, 2017). The p.Gly572 residue is conserved in mammals and computational analyses (PolyPhen-2, SIFT, AlignGVGD, BLOSUM, MutationTaster) provide inconsistent predictions regarding the impact to the protein; this information is not very predictive of pathogenicity. The variant occurs outside of the splicing consensus sequence and 3 of 4 in silico or computational prediction software programs (SpliceSiteFinder, MaxEntScan, NNSPLICE, GeneSplicer) predict a greater than 10% difference in splicing. However, this information is not predictive enough to assume pathogenicity. In summary, based on the above information the clinical significance of this variant cannot be determined with certainty at this time. This variant is classified as a variant of uncertain significance. -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Uncertain	0.37
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.42	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.36
CADD	Pathogenic	26
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.83	D;.;.;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.76
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.77
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.99	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.98	D;D;.;.;.;D
M_CAP	Uncertain	0.16	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.86	D;D;D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Uncertain	0.58	D
MutationAssessor	Uncertain	2.4	M;.;.;.;.;.
MutationTaster	Benign	1.0	D;D;D;D;D;D
PrimateAI	Pathogenic	0.80	D
PROVEAN	Uncertain	-3.8	D;D;D;D;D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.84
Sift	Benign	0.16	T;D;T;T;T;D
Sift4G	Benign	0.23	T;T;T;T;T;T
Polyphen		0.86	P;.;.;.;.;.
Vest4		0.69
MutPred		0.74		Loss of catalytic residue at V573 (P = 0.0935);.;.;.;.;.;
MVP		0.93
MPC		0.31
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		5.4
RBP_binding_hub_radar		0.0
RBP_regulation_power_radar		1.7
Varity_R		0.85
gMVP		0.80

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.50		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2
DS_DL_spliceai		0.50		Position offset: 17

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs587781796; hg19: chr3-37083805;