rs63750580

Positions:

• chr3-36993659-A-C
• chr3-36993659-A-G
• chr3-36993659-A-T

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 18 ACMG points: 18P and 0B. PM1 PM2 PM5 PP3_Strong PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000249.4(MLH1):​c.112A>C​(p.Asn38His) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a conserved nucleotide. The variant was absent in control chromosomes in GnomAD project. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Pathogenic (★★★). Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. N38D) has been classified as Pathogenic.

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 33)
• Consequence: MLH1 NM_000249.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:4 O:1
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 8.85

Genes affected

MLH1 (HGNC:7127): (mutL homolog 1) The protein encoded by this gene can heterodimerize with mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 to form MutL alpha, part of the DNA mismatch repair system. When MutL alpha is bound by MutS beta and some accessory proteins, the PMS2 subunit of MutL alpha introduces a single-strand break near DNA mismatches, providing an entry point for exonuclease degradation. The encoded protein is also involved in DNA damage signaling and can heterodimerize with DNA mismatch repair protein MLH3 to form MutL gamma, which is involved in meiosis. This gene was identified as a locus frequently mutated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

MLH1 (HGNC:):

ACMG classification

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 18 ACMG points.

• PM1: In a binding_site (size 0) in uniprot entity MLH1_HUMAN there are 7 pathogenic changes around while only 1 benign (88%) in NM_000249.4
• PM2: Very rare variant in population databases, with high coverage
• PM5: Other missense variant is known to change same aminoacid residue: Variant chr3-36993659-A-G is described in Lovd as [Pathogenic].
• PP3: MetaRNN computational evidence supports a deleterious effect, 0.995
• PP5: Variant 3-36993659-A-C is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr3-36993659-A-C is described in ClinVar as [Pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 89645.Status of the report is reviewed_by_expert_panel, 3 stars. Variant chr3-36993659-A-C is described in Lovd as [Pathogenic]. Variant chr3-36993659-A-C is described in Lovd as [Benign].

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	MANE	Protein	UniProt
MLH1	NM_000249.4	c.112A>C	p.Asn38His	missense_variant	1/19	ENST00000231790.8	NP_000240.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
MLH1	ENST00000231790.8	c.112A>C	p.Asn38His	missense_variant	1/19	1	NM_000249.4	ENSP00000231790.3

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 33

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 31

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 33

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:4 Other:1

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Submissions by phenotype

Colorectal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis, type 2 Pathogenic:1

Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Myriad Genetics, Inc.

Jul 11, 2023

This variant is considered likely pathogenic. Functional studies indicate this variant impacts protein function [PMID: 20020535, 23403630]. This variant has been reported in multiple individuals with clinical features of gene-specific disease [PMID: 20704743]. This variant is expected to disrupt protein structure [Myriad internal data]. -

Lynch syndrome Pathogenic:1

Pathogenic, reviewed by expert panel

research

International Society for Gastrointestinal Hereditary Tumours (InSiGHT)

Sep 05, 2013

Abrogated function, >2 MSI-H tumours, co-segregation with disease & MAF 0.00. Multifactorial likelihood analysis posterior probability >0.99 -

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms Pathogenic:1

Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Jan 11, 2019

Experimental studies have shown that this variant reduces the functional activity and expression of the MLH1 protein (PMID: 20020535, 23403630).  Additionally, based on a multifactorial likelihood algorithm using genetic, functional, and in silico data, this variant has been determined to have a high probability of being pathogenic (PMID: 22949379). This variant was reported in an individual with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) (PMID: 12373605) and was reported to segregate with HNPCC in 6 families (PMID: 20704743).  ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 89645). This variant is not present in population databases (ExAC no frequency). This sequence change replaces asparagine with histidine at codon 38 of the MLH1 protein (p.Asn38His). The asparagine residue is highly conserved and there is a small physicochemical difference between asparagine and histidine. For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome Pathogenic:1

Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Ambry Genetics

Dec 10, 2019

The p.N38H pathogenic mutation (also known as c.112A>C), located in coding exon 1 of the MLH1 gene, results from an A to C substitution at nucleotide position 112. The asparagine at codon 38 is replaced by histidine, an amino acid with similar properties. In one study, this mutation was detected in six Dutch families with HNPCC/Lynch syndrome, was associated with MSI-H tumors and inconsistent immunohistochemistry (IHC) results, and segregated with disease in all tested affected relatives. Haplotype analysis revealed that all families carried the same ancestral allele, strongly supporting p.N38H as a founder mutation of Dutch origin (van Riel E et al. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2010; 8:7). The p.N38H mutation has been identified in patients with MSI-H Lynch syndrome-related tumors with isolated loss of PMS2 expression by IHC (van der Klift HM et al. Hum. Mutat. 2016 11;37:1162-1179). Additionally, this mutation demonstrated less than 20% of both relative mismatch repair activity and MLH1 expression in in vitro complementation assays (Drost M et al. Hum. Mutat. 2010 Mar;31:247-53; Hinrichsen I et al. Clin. Cancer Res., 2013 May;19:2432-41) and was predicted to be damaging by a methylation tolerance (MT) functional assay (Bouvet D et al. Gastroenterology, 2019 08;157:421-431). This amino acid position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. In addition, this alteration is predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Based on the supporting evidence, this alteration is interpreted as a disease-causing mutation. -

Lynch syndrome 1 Other:1

not provided, no classification provided

literature only

GeneReviews

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Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	1.0
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.42	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.37
CADD	Pathogenic	29
DANN	Uncertain	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.96	D
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.82
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.79
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.98	D
LIST_S2	Uncertain	0.89	D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.82	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.99	D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	0.87	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	5.0	H
PrimateAI	Uncertain	0.78	T
PROVEAN	Uncertain	-4.0	D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.94
Sift	Pathogenic	0.0	D
Sift4G	Pathogenic	0.0	D
Polyphen		1.0	D
Vest4		0.97
MutPred		0.97		Loss of ubiquitination at K43 (P = 0.0715);
MVP		0.98
MPC		0.41
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		6.0
Varity_R		0.97
gMVP		0.94

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.020		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs63750580; hg19: chr3-37035150;