NM_000162.5:c.951C>G

Variant names:

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. The variant received 15 ACMG points: 15P and 0B. PS1PM1PP2PP5_Very_Strong

The NM_000162.5(GCK):c.951C>G(p.His317Gln) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a non-conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.0000106 in 1,610,468 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a benign outcome for this variant. 15/24 in silico tools predict a benign outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★★). Another nucleotide change resulting in the same amino acid substitution has been previously reported as Likely pathogenic in ClinVar. Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. H317P) has been classified as Uncertain significance.

Frequency

Genomes: 𝑓 0.0000066 ( 0 hom., cov: 33)

Exomes 𝑓: 0.000011 ( 0 hom. )

Consequence

GCK
NM_000162.5 missense

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity criteria provided, conflicting classifications P:3U:3

Conservation

PhyloP100: -0.348

Publications

2 publications found

Variant links:

Genes affected

GCK (HGNC:4195): (glucokinase) This gene encodes a member of the hexokinase family of proteins. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of this gene result in distinct protein isoforms that exhibit tissue-specific expression in the pancreas and liver. In the pancreas, this enzyme plays a role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while in the liver, this enzyme is important in glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen. Mutations in this gene that alter enzyme activity have been associated with multiple types of diabetes and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

GCK Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency
Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics, Orphanet
maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2
Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Genomics England PanelApp, Ambry Genetics
monogenic diabetes
Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: ClinGen
diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent
Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1
Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG, MODERATE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics
transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
maturity-onset diabetes of the young
Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus
Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet

GCK links:

ENSG00000300758 (HGNC:):

ENSG00000300758 links:

Genome browser will be placed here

ACMG classification

Classification was made for transcript

Our verdict: Pathogenic. The variant received 15 ACMG points.

PS1

Transcript NM_000162.5 (GCK) is affected with MISSENSE_VARIANT having same AA change as one Pathogenic present in ClinVar.

PM1

In a hotspot region, there are 8 aminoacids with missense pathogenic changes in the window of +-8 aminoacids around while only 0 benign, 5 uncertain in NM_000162.5

PP2

Missense variant in the gene, where a lot of missense mutations are associated with disease in ClinVar. The gene has 274 curated pathogenic missense variants (we use a threshold of 10). The gene has 10 curated benign missense variants. Gene score misZ: 3.069 (below the threshold of 3.09). Trascript score misZ: 2.7821 (below the threshold of 3.09). GenCC associations: The gene is linked to transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, monogenic diabetes, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1, diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2, hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

PP5

Variant 7-44146531-G-C is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr7-44146531-G-C is described in ClinVar as Likely_pathogenic. ClinVar VariationId is 447426.Status of the report is reviewed_by_expert_panel, 3 stars.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GCK	NM_000162.5 link	c.951C>G	p.His317Gln	missense_variant	Exon 8 of 10	ENST00000403799.8	NP_000153.1	P35557-1Q53Y25

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GCK	ENST00000403799.8 link	c.951C>G	p.His317Gln	missense_variant	Exon 8 of 10	1	NM_000162.5	ENSP00000384247.3		P35557-1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes

AF:

0.00000657

AC:

AN:

152220

Hom.:

Cov.:

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMI

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR

AF:

0.00

Gnomad ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad SAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad MID

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE

AF:

0.0000147

Gnomad OTH

AF:

0.00

GnomAD4 exome

AF:

0.0000110

AC:

AN:

1458248

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.0000124

AC XY:

AN XY:

725700

show subpopulations

African (AFR)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

33480

American (AMR)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

44720

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

26132

East Asian (EAS)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

39698

South Asian (SAS)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

86258

European-Finnish (FIN)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

49866

Middle Eastern (MID)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

5768

European-Non Finnish (NFE)

AF:

0.0000135

AC:

AN:

1111972

Other (OTH)

AF:

0.0000166

AC:

AN:

60354

Allele Balance Distribution

Red line indicates average allele balance

Average allele balance: 0.500

Heterozygous variant carriers

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

0.95

Allele balance

Age Distribution

Exome Het

Variant carriers

<30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-50

50-55

55-60

60-65

65-70

70-75

75-80

>80

Age

GnomAD4 genome

AF:

0.00000657

AC:

AN:

152220

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.0000134

AC XY:

AN XY:

74364

show subpopulations

⚠️ The allele balance in gnomAD version 4 Genomes is significantly skewed from the expected value of 0.5.

African (AFR)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

41458

American (AMR)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

15288

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

3472

East Asian (EAS)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

5196

South Asian (SAS)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

4832

European-Finnish (FIN)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

10624

Middle Eastern (MID)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

316

European-Non Finnish (NFE)

AF:

0.0000147

AC:

AN:

68030

Other (OTH)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

2092

⚠️ The allele balance in gnomAD version 4 Genomes is significantly skewed from the expected value of 0.5. (p-value = 0), which strongly suggests a high chance of mosaicism in these individuals.

Allele Balance Distribution

Red line indicates average allele balance

Average allele balance: 0.275

Heterozygous variant carriers

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

0.95

Allele balance

Alfa

AF:

0.00

Hom.:

Bravo

AF:

0.00000756

ClinVar

Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:3Uncertain:3

Revision: criteria provided, conflicting classifications

LINK: link

Submissions by phenotype

not provided

Pathogenic:2Uncertain:1

Dec 17, 2024

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance:Pathogenic

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

This sequence change replaces histidine, which is basic and polar, with glutamine, which is neutral and polar, at codon 317 of the GCK protein (p.His317Gln). This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This missense change has been observed in individuals with autosomal dominant maturity onset diabetes of the young (PMID: 31063852, 36257325; internal data). It has also been observed to segregate with disease in related individuals. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 447426). Invitae Evidence Modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) indicates that this missense variant is not expected to disrupt GCK protein function with a negative predictive value of 80%. For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

Oct 22, 2024

GeneDx

Significance:Likely pathogenic

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (gnomAD); Missense variants in this gene are a common cause of disease and they are underrepresented in the general population; In silico analysis indicates that this missense variant does not alter protein structure/function; In silico analysis suggests this variant may impact gene splicing; in the absence of RNA/functional studies the actual effect of this sequence change is unknown; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 36257325, 31063852) -

Dec 14, 2020

Athena Diagnostics

Significance:Uncertain significance

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2

Pathogenic:1

Aug 02, 2022

Geisinger Clinic, Geisinger Health System

Significance:Pathogenic

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:research

PM2, PP3, PP1_Moderate, PS4_Strong, PM5_Supporting, PP4, PP2 -

not specified

Uncertain:1

Feb 21, 2024

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance:Uncertain significance

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

Variant summary: GCK c.951C>G (p.His317Gln) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the Hexokinase, C-terminal domain (IPR022673) of the encoded protein sequence. Three of five in-silico tools predict a benign effect of the variant on protein function. The variant was absent in 247832 control chromosomes (gnomAD). The available data on variant occurrences in the general population are insufficient to allow any conclusion about variant significance. c.951C>G has been reported in the literature in individuals suspected of Monogenic Diabetes (examples: Sanyoura_2019 and Mirshahi_2022). At-least one of these reports classified the variant as VUS (Sanyoura_2019). These reports do not provide unequivocal conclusions about association of the variant with Monogenic Diabetes. To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 36257325, 31063852). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 447426). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as uncertain significance. -

Type 2 diabetes mellitus;C0342277:Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2;C1865290:Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency;C5393570:Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1

Uncertain:1

May 30, 2024

Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics

Significance:Uncertain significance

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

AlphaMissense

Benign

0.11

BayesDel_addAF

Benign

-0.061

BayesDel_noAF

Benign

-0.33

CADD

Benign

(source)

DANN

Benign

0.62

DEOGEN2

Benign

0.37

.;T;.;.;.

Eigen

Benign

-1.1

Eigen_PC

Benign

-0.96

FATHMM_MKL

Benign

0.23

LIST_S2

Benign

0.70

T;T;.;T;T

M_CAP

Uncertain

0.15

MetaRNN

Benign

0.18

T;T;T;T;T

MetaSVM

Benign

-0.33

MutationAssessor

Benign

-1.3

.;N;.;.;.

PhyloP100

-0.35

PrimateAI

Benign

0.47

PROVEAN

Benign

0.54

.;N;N;N;N

REVEL

Benign

0.19

Sift

Benign

0.25

.;T;T;T;T

Sift4G

Benign

0.57

T;T;T;T;T

Polyphen

0.010

B;B;B;B;.

Vest4

0.15

MutPred

0.41

.;Gain of disorder (P = 0.1464);.;.;.;

MVP

0.75

MPC

1.1

ClinPred

0.15

GERP RS

2.9

PromoterAI

-0.0086

Neutral

(source)

Varity_R

0.22

gMVP

0.78

Mutation Taster

=60/40

polymorphism

(source)

Splicing

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

SpliceAI score (max)

0.34

Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

DS_AG_spliceai

0.34

Position offset: -1

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

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Variant summary

Frequency

Consequence

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conservation

Publications

ACMG classification

Transcripts

RefSeq

Ensembl

Frequencies

Age Distribution

ClinVar

Submissions by phenotype

Computational scores

Splicing

Publications

Other links and lift over