NM_000527.5:c.2041T>G

Variant names:

• chr19-11120423-T-G
• rs879255118
• NM_000527.5:c.2041T>G

Variant summary

Our verdict is Likely pathogenic. The variant received 6 ACMG points: 6P and 0B. PM1 PM2 PP3 PP4

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The NM_000527.5(LDLR):c.2041T>G (p.Cys681Gly) variant is classified as Likely Pathogenic for Familial Hypercholesterolemia by applying ACMG/AMP evidence codes PM1, PM2, PP3 and PP4 as defined by the ClinGen Familial Hypercholesterolemia Expert Panel LDLR-specific variant curation guidelines (specification version 1.2) on 24 March 2025. The supporting evidence is as follows: PM2: This variant is absent from gnomAD (gnomAD v.4.1.0). PM1: Variant meets PM2 and alters Cys681, one of the cysteine residues listed.PP3: REVEL = 0.957.PP4: Variant meets PM2 and is identified in 1 case with DLCN score >=6 in PMID 18648394 (Snozek et al., 2009), after alternative causes of high cholesterol were excluded. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA10585740/MONDO:0007750/013

• Frequency: Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
• Consequence: LDLR NM_000527.5 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:4
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 8.00
• Publications: 3 publications found

Genes affected

LDLR (HGNC:6547): (low density lipoprotein receptor) The low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene family consists of cell surface proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands. The encoded protein is normally bound at the cell membrane, where it binds low density lipoprotein/cholesterol and is taken into the cell. Lysosomes release the cholesterol, which is made available for repression of microsomal enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. At the same time, a reciprocal stimulation of cholesterol ester synthesis takes place. Mutations in this gene cause the autosomal dominant disorder, familial hypercholesterolemia. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

LDLR Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

• hypercholesterolemia, familial, 1

  Inheritance: AD, SD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, ClinGen
• homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

  Inheritance: AR Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Likely_pathogenic. The variant received 6 ACMG points.

• PM1: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
LDLR	NM_000527.5	c.2041T>G	p.Cys681Gly	missense_variant	Exon 14 of 18	ENST00000558518.6	NP_000518.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
LDLR	ENST00000558518.6	c.2041T>G	p.Cys681Gly	missense_variant	Exon 14 of 18	1	NM_000527.5	ENSP00000454071.1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome Cov.: 35

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

Alfa AF: 0.00 Hom.: 0

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:4

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Submissions by phenotype

Familial hypercholesterolemia Pathogenic:2

Mar 17, 2025

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: LDLR c.2041T>G (p.Cys681Gly) results in a non-conservative amino acid change in the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant was absent in 251266 control chromosomes. c.2041T>G has been reported in the literature in individuals affected with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (e.g., Shozek_2008, Defesche_2017, internal data). These data indicate that the variant may be associated with disease. Additionally, other variants at the Cys681 residue have been reported as associated with disease (p.Cys681Ser), suggesting that this codon is functionally important. To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 28964736, 18648394). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 252185). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as likely pathogenic.

Sep 26, 2023

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is not present in population databases (gnomAD no frequency). This sequence change replaces cysteine, which is neutral and slightly polar, with glycine, which is neutral and non-polar, at codon 681 of the LDLR protein (p.Cys681Gly). This missense change has been observed in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia or elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (PMID: 18648394, 28964736; Invitae). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. This variant disrupts the p.Cys681 amino acid residue in LDLR. Other variant(s) that disrupt this residue have been observed in individuals with LDLR-related conditions (PMID: 9544745, 16092059), which suggests that this may be a clinically significant amino acid residue. This variant affects a cysteine residue located within an LDLRA or epidermal-growth-factor (EGF)-like domains of the LDLR protein. Cysteine residues in these domains have been shown to be involved in the formation of disulfide bridges, which are critical for protein structure and stability (PMID: 7548065, 7603991, 7979249). In addition, missense substitutions within the LDLRA and EGF-like domains affecting cysteine residues are overrepresented among patients with hypercholesterolemia (PMID: 18325082). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt LDLR protein function. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 252185).

Hypercholesterolemia, familial, 1 Pathogenic:1

Mar 25, 2016

LDLR-LOVD, British Heart Foundation

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: literature only

not provided Pathogenic:1

Feb 13, 2024

Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The LDLR c.2041T>G (p.Cys681Gly) variant has been reported in the published literature in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), including one with severe symptoms (PMIDs: 28964736 (2017), 18648394 (2009)). Other missense changes at this codon (p.Cys681Ser, p.Cys681Tyr, p.Cys681Trp) have also been identified in individuals and families with FH (PMIDs: 32977124 (2020), 32331935 (2020), 7489239 (1995), 16092059 (2005)). The c.2041T>G (p.Cys681Gly) variant has not been reported in large, multi-ethnic general populations (Genome Aggregation Database, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). Analysis of this variant using bioinformatics tools for the prediction of the effect of amino acid changes on protein structure and function yielded predictions that this variant is damaging. Based on the available information, this variant is classified as likely pathogenic.

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.99
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.58	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.59
CADD	Pathogenic	27
DANN	Uncertain	0.98
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.98	D;.;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.89
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.72
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.99	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.96	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	1.0	D;D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	4.8	H;.;.;.;H
PhyloP100		8.0
PrimateAI	Uncertain	0.51	T
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-11	D;D;D;D;D
REVEL	Benign	0.0
Sift	Uncertain	0.0030	D;D;D;D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.0050	D;D;D;D;D
Vest4		0.93
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		5.3
Varity_R		1.0
gMVP		1.0
Mutation Taster		=0/100	disease causing (ClinVar)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.010		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs879255118; hg19: chr19-11231099;