NM_001379610.1:c.194+2T>C

Variant names:

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 15 ACMG points: 16P and 1B. PVS1PP5_Very_StrongBS1_Supporting

The NM_001379610.1(SPINK1):c.194+2T>C variant causes a splice donor, intron change. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.000114 in 1,609,104 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a pathogenic outcome for this variant. 2/3 splice prediction tools predicting alterations to normal splicing. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely pathogenic (★★).

Frequency

Genomes: 𝑓 0.00016 ( 0 hom., cov: 32)

Exomes 𝑓: 0.00011 ( 0 hom. )

Consequence

SPINK1
NM_001379610.1 splice_donor, intron

Scores

Splicing: ADA: 0.9997

Clinical Significance

Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts P:15O:1

Conservation

PhyloP100: 4.35

Variant links:

Genes affected

SPINK1 (HGNC:11244): (serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1) The protein encoded by this gene is a trypsin inhibitor, which is secreted from pancreatic acinar cells into pancreatic juice. It is thought to function in the prevention of trypsin-catalyzed premature activation of zymogens within the pancreas and the pancreatic duct. Mutations in this gene are associated with hereditary pancreatitis and tropical calcific pancreatitis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

SPINK1 links:

Genome browser will be placed here

ACMG classification

Classification made for transcript

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 15 ACMG points.

PVS1

Splicing +-2 bp (donor or acceptor) variant, LoF is a know mechanism of disease, No cryptic splice site detected. Exon removal results in frameshift change.

PP5

Variant 5-147828020-A-G is Pathogenic according to our data. Variant chr5-147828020-A-G is described in ClinVar as [Likely_pathogenic]. Clinvar id is 132142.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars. Variant chr5-147828020-A-G is described in Lovd as [Pathogenic]. Variant chr5-147828020-A-G is described in Lovd as [Likely_pathogenic].

BS1

Variant frequency is greater than expected in population eas. gnomad4 allele frequency = 0.000158 (24/152326) while in subpopulation EAS AF= 0.00309 (16/5186). AF 95% confidence interval is 0.00193. There are 0 homozygotes in gnomad4. There are 14 alleles in male gnomad4 subpopulation. Median coverage is 32. This position pass quality control queck. Existence of Clinvar submissions makes me limit the strength of this signal to Supporting

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
SPINK1	NM_001379610.1 link	c.194+2T>C		splice_donor_variant, intron_variant	Intron 3 of 3	ENST00000296695.10	NP_001366539.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	UniProt
SPINK1	ENST00000296695.10 link	c.194+2T>C		splice_donor_variant, intron_variant	Intron 3 of 3	1	NM_001379610.1	ENSP00000296695.5	P00995
SPINK1	ENST00000510027.2 link	c.196T>C	p.Ter66Argext*?	stop_lost	Exon 3 of 3	3		ENSP00000427376.1	D6RIU5
SPINK1	ENST00000505722.1 link	n.109+2T>C		splice_donor_variant, intron_variant	Intron 1 of 1	2

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes

AF:

0.000158

AC:

AN:

152208

Hom.:

Cov.:

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMI

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR

AF:

0.0000655

Gnomad ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS

AF:

0.00308

Gnomad SAS

AF:

0.000414

Gnomad FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad MID

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE

AF:

0.0000735

Gnomad OTH

AF:

0.00

GnomAD3 exomes

AF:

0.000313

AC:

AN:

248892

Hom.:

AF XY:

0.000253

AC XY:

AN XY:

134536

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR exome

AF:

0.0000291

Gnomad ASJ exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad EAS exome

AF:

0.00335

Gnomad SAS exome

AF:

0.0000660

Gnomad FIN exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE exome

AF:

0.000107

Gnomad OTH exome

AF:

0.000329

GnomAD4 exome

AF:

0.000109

AC:

159

AN:

1456778

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.000109

AC XY:

AN XY:

724932

show subpopulations

Gnomad4 AFR exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 AMR exome

AF:

0.0000224

Gnomad4 ASJ exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 EAS exome

AF:

0.00207

Gnomad4 SAS exome

AF:

0.000151

Gnomad4 FIN exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 NFE exome

AF:

0.0000505

Gnomad4 OTH exome

AF:

0.000116

GnomAD4 genome

AF:

0.000158

AC:

AN:

152326

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.000188

AC XY:

AN XY:

74496

show subpopulations

Gnomad4 AFR

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 AMR

AF:

0.0000654

Gnomad4 ASJ

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 EAS

AF:

0.00309

Gnomad4 SAS

AF:

0.000414

Gnomad4 FIN

AF:

0.00

Gnomad4 NFE

AF:

0.0000735

Gnomad4 OTH

AF:

0.00

Alfa

AF:

0.000390

Hom.:

Bravo

AF:

0.000212

ESP6500AA

AF:

0.00

AC:

ESP6500EA

AF:

0.000349

AC:

ExAC

AF:

0.000288

AC:

Asia WGS

AF:

0.000866

AC:

AN:

3478

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:15Other:1

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

LINK: link

Submissions by phenotype

Hereditary pancreatitis

Pathogenic:5Other:1

Dec 14, 2021

MGZ Medical Genetics Center

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Nov 01, 2016

Center for Human Genetics, Inc, Center for Human Genetics, Inc

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

GeneReviews

Significance: not provided

Review Status: no classification provided

Collection Method: literature only

- -

Dec 13, 2021

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The c.194+2T>C intronic pathogenic mutation results from a T to C substitution two nucleotides after coding exon 3 in the SPINK1 gene. This alteration occurs at the 3' terminus of the SPINK1 gene, is not expected to trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and only impacts the last 16 amino acids of the protein. The exact functional effect of this alteration is unknown; however, the impacted region is critical for protein function (Ambry internal data). This alteration was first reported in an individual with chronic pancreatitis (Witt H et al. Nat. Genet., 2000 Jun;25:213-6). A functional study found this mutation causes a splicing defect that significantly diminishes SPINK1 expression at the mRNA level and results in diminished trypsin inhibitor secretion (Kereszturi E et al. Gut, 2009 Apr;58:545-9). This mutation has been seen in individuals affected with idiopathic, familial, alcoholic, autoimmune and tropical chronic pancreatitis (Kereszturi E et al. Gut, 2009 Apr;58:545-9; Chang MC et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014 Dec;29:2038-42; Cho SM et al. Ann Lab Med, 2016 Nov;36:555-60; Tang XY et al. Dig Liver Dis, 2020 02;52:143-148). This alteration has also been identified in individuals diagnosed with breast and/or pancreatic cancer (Yang X et al. PLoS One, 2015 Apr;10:e0125571; Boortalary T et al. Pancreas, 2018 Apr;47:e24-e25). Based on the supporting evidence, this alteration is interpreted as a disease-causing mutation. -

Jan 19, 2025

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change affects a donor splice site in intron 4 of the SPINK1 gene. RNA analysis indicates that disruption of this splice site induces altered splicing and may result in an absent or altered protein product. This variant is present in population databases (rs148954387, gnomAD 0.3%), and has an allele count higher than expected for a pathogenic variant. Disruption of this splice site has been observed in individual(s) with chronic pancreatitis (PMID: 15980664, 23017645, 26632706). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 132142). Studies have shown that disruption of this splice site alters mRNA splicing and is expected to lead to the loss of protein expression (PMID: 18978175, 26719302). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic. -

Jan 29, 2018

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: SPINK1 c.194+2T>C is located in a canonical splice-site and is predicted to affect mRNA splicing resulting in a significantly altered protein due to either exon skipping, shortening, or inclusion of intronic material. 5/5 computational tools predict a significant impact on normal splicing. These predictions are supported by multiple functional studies, Kume_2006 and Kereszturi_2009, found the variant to significantly affect splicing. Multiple publications have cited the variant in affected individuals diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis, predominantly of Asian origin. Multiple clinical diagnostic laboratories have ClinVar submissions (after 2014) classifying the variant as "pathogenic." GeneReviews, a well-established database, classifies the variant as "pathogenic." Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as pathogenic. -

not provided

Pathogenic:5

Joint Genome Diagnostic Labs from Nijmegen and Maastricht, Radboudumc and MUMC+

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Dec 21, 2020

Revvity Omics, Revvity

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Jul 09, 2024

ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The SPINK1 c.194+2T>C variant (rs148954387) has been reported in the literature in numerous individuals diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis (Cho 2016, Kume 2006, Witt 2000, Zou 2018) and is one of the most common pathogenic variants in East Asian individuals affected with pancreatitis (Cho 2016, Zou 2018). This variant is reported as pathogenic by multiple laboratories in ClinVar (Variation ID: 132142), and it is found in the general population with an overall allele frequency of 0.03% (85/280290 alleles) in the Genome Aggregation Database. This variant abolishes the canonical splice donor site of intron 4, which is likely to disrupt gene function. Indeed, functional studies indicate a significant reduction of mRNA levels, skipping of exon 3, and undetectable levels of the SPINK1 protein (Kereszturi 2009, Kume 2006, Zou 2016). Based on available information, the c.194+2T>C variant is considered to be pathogenic. References: Cho SM et al. PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, and CTRC Pathogenic Variants in Korean Patients With Idiopathic Pancreatitis. Ann Lab Med. 2016 Nov;36(6):555-60. PMID: 27578509. Kereszturi E et al. Minigene analysis of intronic variants in common SPINK1 haplotypes associated with chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 2009; 58(4):545-9. PMID: 18978175. Kume K et al. [-215G>A; IVS3+2T>C] mutation in the SPINK1 gene causes exon 3 skipping and loss of the trypsin binding site. Gut. 2006; 55(8):1214. PMID: 16849362. Witt H et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet. 2000; 25(2):213-6. PMID: 10835640. Zou WB et al. Clarifying the clinical relevance of SPINK1 intronic variants in chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 2016 May;65(5):884-6. PMID: 26719302. Zou WB et al. SPINK1, PRSS1, CTRC, and CFTR Genotypes Influence Disease Onset and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Pancreatitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018 Nov 12;9(11):204. PMID: 30420730. -

Dec 01, 2024

CeGaT Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

SPINK1: PVS1:Strong, PS4:Moderate, PM2:Supporting, PS3:Supporting -

Hereditary pancreatitis;C1842402:Tropical pancreatitis

Pathogenic:2

Oct 31, 2018

Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Juno Genomics, Hangzhou Juno Genomics, Inc

Significance: Likely pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

PVS1_Strong+PS4+PP4 -

Diabetes mellitus

Pathogenic:1

Constantin Polychronakos Laboratory, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: research

PVS1 PS1 PP2 -

SPINK1-related disorder

Pathogenic:1

May 20, 2024

PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

The SPINK1 c.194+2T>C variant is predicted to disrupt the GT donor site and interfere with normal splicing. This variant has been reported as causative for SPINK1-related disorders, including chronic pancreatitis, and functional studies support its pathogenicity (Witt et al. 2000. PubMed ID: 10835640; Kereszturi et al. 2008. PubMed ID: 18978175; Sun et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 26632706). This variant is reported in 0.33% of alleles in individuals of East Asian descent in gnomAD. Variants that disrupt a consensus splice donor site in SPINK1 are expected to be pathogenic. This variant is interpreted as pathogenic. -

Chronic pancreatitis

Pathogenic:1

Jan 01, 2017

Centre for Mendelian Genomics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana

Significance: Pathogenic

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

BayesDel_addAF

Pathogenic

0.28

BayesDel_noAF

Uncertain

0.11

CADD

Pathogenic

DANN

Uncertain

0.99

Eigen

Pathogenic

0.94

Eigen_PC

Pathogenic

0.74

FATHMM_MKL

Uncertain

0.96

GERP RS

4.9

Splicing

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

dbscSNV1_ADA

Pathogenic

1.0

dbscSNV1_RF

Pathogenic

0.90

SpliceAI score (max)

0.34

Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

DS_DL_spliceai

0.34

Position offset: 2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Below is the list of publications found by LitVar. It may be empty.

Variant summary

Frequency

Consequence

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conservation

ACMG classification

Transcripts

RefSeq

Ensembl

Frequencies

ClinVar

Submissions by phenotype

Computational scores

Splicing

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over