NM_024675.4:c.3251C>T

Variant names:

• chr16-23607963-G-A
• rs62625271
• NM_024675.4:c.3251C>T

Variant summary

Our verdict is Likely benign. Variant got -5 ACMG points: 0P and 5B. BP4_Strong BP6

The NM_024675.4(PALB2):​c.3251C>T​(p.Ser1084Leu) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a non-conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.000106 in 1,613,890 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, with no homozygous occurrence. In-silico tool predicts a benign outcome for this variant. 15/21 in silico tools predict a benign outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity (no stars). Synonymous variant affecting the same amino acid position (i.e. S1084S) has been classified as Benign.

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: 𝑓 0.000085 (0 hom., cov: 32)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 0.00011 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: PALB2 NM_024675.4 missense
• Clinical Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity criteria provided, conflicting classifications U:13 B:4
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 1.36

Genes affected

PALB2 (HGNC:26144): (partner and localizer of BRCA2) This gene encodes a protein that may function in tumor suppression. This protein binds to and colocalizes with the breast cancer 2 early onset protein (BRCA2) in nuclear foci and likely permits the stable intranuclear localization and accumulation of BRCA2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ENSG00000261723 (HGNC:58305):

ACMG classification

Verdict is Likely_benign. Variant got -5 ACMG points.

• BP4: Computational evidence support a benign effect (MetaRNN=0.050517023).
• BP6: Variant 16-23607963-G-A is Benign according to our data. Variant chr16-23607963-G-A is described in ClinVar as [Conflicting_classifications_of_pathogenicity]. Clinvar id is 126727.We mark this variant Likely_benign, oryginal submissions are: {Uncertain_significance=10, Benign=1, Likely_benign=3}. Variant chr16-23607963-G-A is described in Lovd as [Likely_benign]. Variant chr16-23607963-G-A is described in Lovd as [Benign].

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
PALB2	NM_024675.4	c.3251C>T	p.Ser1084Leu	missense_variant	Exon 12 of 13	ENST00000261584.9	NP_078951.2

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
PALB2	ENST00000261584.9	c.3251C>T	p.Ser1084Leu	missense_variant	Exon 12 of 13	1	NM_024675.4	ENSP00000261584.4

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes AF: 0.0000855 AC: 13 AN: 152078 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32

Gnomad AFR AF: 0.00

Gnomad AMI AF: 0.00

Gnomad AMR AF: 0.00

Gnomad ASJ AF: 0.00

Gnomad EAS AF: 0.00

Gnomad SAS AF: 0.00

Gnomad FIN AF: 0.00

Gnomad MID AF: 0.00

Gnomad NFE AF: 0.000191

Gnomad OTH AF: 0.00

GnomAD3 exomes AF: 0.0000915 AC: 23 AN: 251478 Hom.: 0 AF XY: 0.0000883 AC XY: 12 AN XY: 135920

Gnomad AFR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad AMR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad ASJ exome AF: 0.000198

Gnomad EAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad SAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad FIN exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad NFE exome AF: 0.000185

Gnomad OTH exome AF: 0.00

GnomAD4 exome AF: 0.000108 AC: 158 AN: 1461812 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.000109 AC XY: 79 AN XY: 727220

Gnomad4 AFR exome AF: 0.0000299

Gnomad4 AMR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 ASJ exome AF: 0.0000765

Gnomad4 EAS exome AF: 0.0000252

Gnomad4 SAS exome AF: 0.0000116

Gnomad4 FIN exome AF: 0.0000562

Gnomad4 NFE exome AF: 0.000128

Gnomad4 OTH exome AF: 0.000132

GnomAD4 genome AF: 0.0000855 AC: 13 AN: 152078 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 32 AF XY: 0.000121 AC XY: 9 AN XY: 74274

Gnomad4 AFR AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 AMR AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 ASJ AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 EAS AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 SAS AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 FIN AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 NFE AF: 0.000191

Gnomad4 OTH AF: 0.00

Alfa AF: 0.000135 Hom.: 0

Bravo AF: 0.0000718

TwinsUK AF: 0.000270 AC: 1

ALSPAC AF: 0.00 AC: 0

ExAC AF: 0.0000741 AC: 9

EpiCase AF: 0.0000545

EpiControl AF: 0.00

ClinVar

Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

Submissions summary: Uncertain:13 Benign:4

Revision: criteria provided, conflicting classifications

Submissions by phenotype

not provided Uncertain:6

Mar 03, 2015

Eurofins Ntd Llc (ga)

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

May 13, 2019

Leiden Open Variation Database

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: curation

Curators: Marc Tischkowitz, Arleen D. Auerbach. Submitters to LOVD: Andreas Laner, Marc Tischkowitz, Melissa DeRycke, Yukihide Momozawa. -

Sep 25, 2023

Mayo Clinic Laboratories, Mayo Clinic

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

BS1 -

Nov 15, 2023

Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The PALB2 c.3251C>T (p.Ser1084Leu) variant has been reported in the published literature in individuals with breast cancer (PMID: 32885271 (2021), 30287823 (2018), 29522266 (2018), 28779002 (2017), 23824750 (2014)) and ovarian cancer (PMID: 23824750 (2021)). This variant has also been observed in unaffected individuals (PMID: 31214711 (2020), 26315354 (2015), 17200668 (2007)). A functional study has demonstrated neutral effects of this variant on BRCA2-protein interaction and cell survival based on DNA damage response (PMID: 31586400 (2019)). However, another study showed this variant caused a loss of PALB2 nuclear localization and recruitment of the RAD51 protein involved in DNA damage repair (PMID: 32048105 (2020)). The frequency of this variant in the general population, 0.00019 (25/129170 chromosomes (Genome Aggregation Database, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org)), is uninformative in the assessment of its pathogenicity. Analysis of this variant using bioinformatics tools for the prediction of the effect of amino acid changes on protein structure and function yielded predictions that this variant is benign. Based on the available information, we are unable to determine the clinical significance of this variant. -

Nov 08, 2023

GeneDx

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Published functional studies are conflicting: decreased homologous recombination and reduced nuclear localization; BRCA1 interaction and cell survival after exposure to olaparib similar to wild type (PMID: 31586400, 32048105); Observed in several individuals with breast or ovarian cancer, but has also been seen in multiple unaffected controls (PMID: 17200668, 23824750, 26315354, 28779002, 29522266, 30287823, 32048105, 36243179); In silico analysis supports that this missense variant does not alter protein structure/function; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 28279176, 28779002, 23824750, 17200668, 26315354, 29522266, 30287823, 32048105, 31586400, 24485656, 19609323, 20871615, 36243179) -

Nov 03, 2021

Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital TU Dresden, University Hospital TU Dresden

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Familial cancer of breast Uncertain:2 Benign:1

Mar 31, 2023

Myriad Genetics, Inc.

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant is considered benign. This variant is strongly associated with less severe personal and family histories of cancer, typical for individuals without pathogenic variants in this gene [PMID: 25085752]. This variant has been observed in trans with a known pathogenic variant in one or more individuals lacking clinical features consistent with gene-specific recessive disease. -

Sep 01, 2016

Counsyl

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Jan 23, 2025

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This sequence change replaces serine, which is neutral and polar, with leucine, which is neutral and non-polar, at codon 1084 of the PALB2 protein (p.Ser1084Leu). This variant is present in population databases (rs62625271, gnomAD 0.02%). This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with breast cancer and ovarian cancer (PMID: 23824750, 26315354, 32048105, 35263119). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 126727). An algorithm developed to predict the effect of missense changes on protein structure and function outputs the following: PolyPhen-2: "Benign". The leucine amino acid residue is found in multiple mammalian species, which suggests that this missense change does not adversely affect protein function. Experimental studies are conflicting or provide insufficient evidence to determine the effect of this variant on PALB2 function (PMID: 31586400, 32048105). RNA analysis performed to evaluate the impact of this missense change on mRNA splicing indicates it does not significantly alter splicing (internal data). In summary, the available evidence is currently insufficient to determine the role of this variant in disease. Therefore, it has been classified as a Variant of Uncertain Significance. -

not specified Uncertain:1 Benign:1

Feb 27, 2025

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: PALB2 c.3251C>T (p.Ser1084Leu) results in a non-conservative amino acid change in the encoded protein sequence. Four of five in-silico tools predict a benign effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 9.1e-05 in 251478 control chromosomes. This frequency is not significantly higher than estimated for a pathogenic variant in PALB2 causing Fanconi Anemia Type N (9.1e-05 vs 0.00028), allowing no conclusion about variant significance. c c.3251C>T has been reported in the literature in non-cancer control individuals (e.g. Momozawa_2018, Kaemer_2019, Rahman_2010, Ramus_2015) and also in individuals affected with breast cancer (including triple-negative breast cancer), epithelial ovarian cancer or tubo-ovarian cancer, without evidence for causality (e.g. Wong-Brown_2014, Ramus_2015, Toh_2020, Delahunty_2022). These report(s) do not provide unequivocal conclusions about association of the variant with Fanconi Anemia Type N. At least one publication reports experimental evidence evaluating an impact on protein function. These results showed no damaging effect of this variant in vitro in a PARP2-inhibitor sensitivity assay or yeast-two hybrid assay (e.g. Rodrigue_2019). The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 35263119, 31422574, 30287823, 17200668, 26315354, 31586400, 32048105, 23824750). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 126727). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as uncertain significance. -

Mar 04, 2025

Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome Benign:2

Feb 17, 2016

Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Jan 04, 2021

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This alteration is classified as likely benign based on a combination of the following: seen in unaffected individuals, population frequency, intact protein function, lack of segregation with disease, co-occurrence, RNA analysis, in silico models, amino acid conservation, lack of disease association in case-control studies, and/or the mechanism of disease or impacted region is inconsistent with a known cause of pathogenicity. -

PALB2-related disorder Uncertain:1

Jul 15, 2024

PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

The PALB2 c.3251C>T variant is predicted to result in the amino acid substitution p.Ser1084Leu. This variant has been documented in individuals with triple negative breast and ovarian cancers, but was also identified in an unaffected control cohort (Wong-Brown et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 23824750; Ramus et al. 2015, Table S4. PubMed ID: 26315354; Kluska et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28279176). This variant is reported in 0.019% of alleles in individuals of European (Non-Finnish) descent in gnomAD and has conflicting interpretations regarding its pathogenicity in ClinVar, ranging from likely benign to variant of uncertain significance (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/126727/). At this time, the clinical significance of this variant is uncertain due to the absence of conclusive functional and genetic evidence. -

Familial cancer of breast;C1835817:Fanconi anemia complementation group N;C3150547:Pancreatic cancer, susceptibility to, 3 Uncertain:1

Oct 31, 2018

Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Fanconi anemia complementation group N Uncertain:1

Apr 27, 2017

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant was observed as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. A literature search was performed for the gene, cDNA change, and amino acid change (where applicable). No publications were found based on this search. Allele frequency data from public databases did not allow this variant to be ruled in or out of causing disease. Therefore, this variant is classified as a variant of unknown significance. -

Malignant tumor of breast Uncertain:1

-

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: clinical testing

The PALB2 p.Ser1084Leu variant was identified in 4 of 9012 proband chromosomes (frequency: 0.0004) from individuals or families with breast or ovarian cancer and in 3 of 9030 (frequency: 0.0003) control chromosomes (Wong-Brown 2014, Rahman 2007, Ramus 2015). The variant was also identified in the following databases: dbSNP (ID: rs62625271) as “With Uncertain significance allele”, ClinVar and Clinvitae (6x classified as uncertain significance by GeneDx, Ambry Genetics, EGL Genetic Diagnostics, Invitae, Counsyl and in the PALB2 database), and the LOVD 3.0 database (reported 3x classified as effect unknown or not classified). The variant was not identified in COSMIC, MutDB, or the Zhejiang Colon Cancer Database. The variant was identified in control databases in 25 of 277214 chromosomes (no homozygotes) at a frequency of 0.00009 in the following populations: European non-Finnish in 23 of 126714 chromosomes (freq. 0.0002); Ashkenazi Jewish in 2 of 10152 chromosomes (freq. 0.0002) increasing the likelihood that this may be a low frequency variant in certain populations of origin (Genome Aggregation Consortium Feb 27, 2017). The p.Ser1084Leu residue is not conserved in mammals and four out of five computational analyses (PolyPhen-2, SIFT, AlignGVGD, BLOSUM, MutationTaster) do not suggest a high likelihood of impact to the protein; however, this information is not predictive enough to rule out pathogenicity. The variant occurs outside of the splicing consensus sequence and in silico or computational prediction software programs (SpliceSiteFinder, MaxEntScan, NNSPLICE, GeneSplicer, HumanSpliceFinder) do not predict a difference in splicing. In summary, based on the above information the clinical significance of this variant cannot be determined with certainty at this time. This variant is classified as a variant of uncertain significance. -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Benign	0.075
BayesDel_addAF	Benign	-0.54	T
BayesDel_noAF	Benign	-0.74
CADD	Benign	6.1
DANN	Benign	0.80
DEOGEN2	Benign	0.011	T;T
Eigen	Benign	-1.1
Eigen_PC	Benign	-0.97
FATHMM_MKL	Benign	0.20	N
LIST_S2	Benign	0.64	T;T
M_CAP	Benign	0.0096	T
MetaRNN	Benign	0.051	T;T
MetaSVM	Benign	-1.0	T
MutationAssessor	Benign	1.1	.;L
PrimateAI	Benign	0.28	T
PROVEAN	Benign	-2.3	N;N
REVEL	Benign	0.050
Sift	Benign	0.47	T;T
Sift4G	Benign	0.78	T;T
Polyphen		0.0080	.;B
Vest4		0.13
MVP		0.28
MPC		0.049
ClinPred		0.044	T
GERP RS		0.40
Varity_R		0.033
gMVP		0.13

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.14		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs62625271; hg19: chr16-23619284;