rs28935490

Variant names:

• chrX-101398432-C-A
• rs28935490
• NM_000169.3:c.937G>T

Your query was ambiguous. Multiple possible variants found:

• chrX-101398432-C-A
• chrX-101398432-C-T

Variant summary

Our verdict is Benign. The variant received -9 ACMG points: 3P and 12B. PM1 PP2 BP4_Strong BS1 BS2

The NM_000169.3(GLA):​c.937G>T​(p.Asp313Tyr) variant causes a missense change involving the alteration of a non-conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.00378 in 1,207,947 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, including 10 homozygotes. There are 1,531 hemizygotes in GnomAD. In-silico tool predicts a benign outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity,other (no stars). Another variant affecting the same amino acid position, but resulting in a different missense (i.e. D313N) has been classified as Likely benign.

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: 𝑓 0.0031 (1 hom., 104 hem., cov: 23)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 0.0038 (9 hom. 1427 hem.)
• Consequence: GLA NM_000169.3 missense
• Clinical Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; other criteria provided, conflicting classifications U:5 B:19 O:2
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 0.136

Genes affected

GLA (HGNC:4296): (galactosidase alpha) This gene encodes a homodimeric glycoprotein that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. This enzyme predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside, and it can catalyze the hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose. A variety of mutations in this gene affect the synthesis, processing, and stability of this enzyme, which causes Fabry disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder that results from a failure to catabolize alpha-D-galactosyl glycolipid moieties. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RPL36A-HNRNPH2 (HGNC:48349): (RPL36A-HNRNPH2 readthrough) This locus represents naturally occurring read-through transcription between the neighboring ribosomal protein L36a and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 (H') genes on chromosome X. The read-through transcript produces a protein with similarity to the protein encoded by the upstream locus, ribosomal protein L36a. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

ACMG classification

Our verdict: Benign. The variant received -9 ACMG points.

• PM1: In a hotspot region, there are 7 aminoacids with missense pathogenic changes in the window of +-8 aminoacids around while only 0 benign, 7 uncertain in NM_000169.3
• PP2: Missense variant in the gene, where a lot of missense mutations are associated with disease in ClinVar. The gene has 218 curated pathogenic missense variants (we use a threshold of 10). The gene has 17 curated benign missense variants. Gene score misZ: 1.8759 (below the threshold of 3.09). GenCC associations: The gene is linked to Fabry disease.
• BP4: Computational evidence support a benign effect (MetaRNN=0.021395475).
• BS1: Variant frequency is greater than expected in population nfe. GnomAd4 allele frequency = 0.00314 (350/111368) while in subpopulation NFE AF = 0.00528 (280/53077). AF 95% confidence interval is 0.00477. There are 1 homozygotes in GnomAd4. There are 104 alleles in the male GnomAd4 subpopulation. Median coverage is 23. This position FAILED quality control check.
• BS2: High Hemizygotes in GnomAd4 at 104 Mitochondrial gene

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GLA	NM_000169.3	c.937G>T	p.Asp313Tyr	missense_variant	Exon 6 of 7	ENST00000218516.4	NP_000160.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GLA	ENST00000218516.4	c.937G>T	p.Asp313Tyr	missense_variant	Exon 6 of 7	1	NM_000169.3	ENSP00000218516.4
RPL36A-HNRNPH2	ENST00000409170.3	c.300+2975C>A		intron_variant	Intron 4 of 4	4		ENSP00000386655.4

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes AF: 0.00314 AC: 350 AN: 111314 Hom.: 1 Cov.: 23

Gnomad AFR AF: 0.000719

Gnomad AMI AF: 0.00

Gnomad AMR AF: 0.00153

Gnomad ASJ AF: 0.00643

Gnomad EAS AF: 0.00

Gnomad SAS AF: 0.00230

Gnomad FIN AF: 0.000505

Gnomad MID AF: 0.00

Gnomad NFE AF: 0.00527

Gnomad OTH AF: 0.00401

GnomAD2 exomes AF: 0.00303 AC: 556 AN: 183499 AF XY: 0.00352

Gnomad AFR exome AF: 0.000760

Gnomad AMR exome AF: 0.00201

Gnomad ASJ exome AF: 0.00681

Gnomad EAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad FIN exome AF: 0.000625

Gnomad NFE exome AF: 0.00443

Gnomad OTH exome AF: 0.00419

GnomAD4 exome AF: 0.00384 AC: 4215 AN: 1096579 Hom.: 9 Cov.: 30 AF XY: 0.00394 AC XY: 1427 AN XY: 361981

Gnomad4 AFR exome AF: 0.000455 AC: 12 AN: 26378

Gnomad4 AMR exome AF: 0.00205 AC: 72 AN: 35205

Gnomad4 ASJ exome AF: 0.00624 AC: 121 AN: 19378

Gnomad4 EAS exome AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 30200

Gnomad4 SAS exome AF: 0.00327 AC: 177 AN: 54104

Gnomad4 FIN exome AF: 0.000790 AC: 32 AN: 40531

Gnomad4 NFE exome AF: 0.00432 AC: 3632 AN: 840632

Gnomad4 Remaining exome AF: 0.00328 AC: 151 AN: 46035

GnomAD4 genome AF: 0.00314 AC: 350 AN: 111368 Hom.: 1 Cov.: 23 AF XY: 0.00310 AC XY: 104 AN XY: 33580

Gnomad4 AFR AF: 0.000717 AC: 0.000717103 AN: 0.000717103

Gnomad4 AMR AF: 0.00153 AC: 0.00152759 AN: 0.00152759

Gnomad4 ASJ AF: 0.00643 AC: 0.00643452 AN: 0.00643452

Gnomad4 EAS AF: 0.00 AC: 0 AN: 0

Gnomad4 SAS AF: 0.00230 AC: 0.00230238 AN: 0.00230238

Gnomad4 FIN AF: 0.000505 AC: 0.000504541 AN: 0.000504541

Gnomad4 NFE AF: 0.00528 AC: 0.00527535 AN: 0.00527535

Gnomad4 OTH AF: 0.00396 AC: 0.0039604 AN: 0.0039604

Alfa AF: 0.00432 Hom.: 242

Bravo AF: 0.00285

TwinsUK AF: 0.00243 AC: 9

ALSPAC AF: 0.00554 AC: 16

ESP6500AA AF: 0.000522 AC: 2

ESP6500EA AF: 0.00431 AC: 29

ExAC AF: 0.00333 AC: 404

EpiCase AF: 0.00469

EpiControl AF: 0.00504

ClinVar

Significance: Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; other

Submissions summary: Uncertain:5 Benign:19 Other:2

Revision: criteria provided, conflicting classifications

Submissions by phenotype

Fabry disease Uncertain:3 Benign:6 Other:1

Jan 01, 2019

Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Dec 27, 2018

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance: other

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- pseudodeficiency allele

Apr 27, 2017

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This variant was observed as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. A literature search was performed for the gene, cDNA change, and amino acid change (where applicable). Publications were found based on this search. The evidence from the literature, in combination with allele frequency data from public databases where available, was sufficient to determine this variant is unlikely to cause disease. Therefore, this variant is classified as likely benign. -

May 18, 2021

Genome-Nilou Lab

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Mar 11, 2015

CSER _CC_NCGL, University of Washington

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: research

- -

Jan 01, 2013

OMIM

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: no assertion criteria provided

Collection Method: literature only

- -

Mar 16, 2018

Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

May 28, 2019

Mendelics

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Jul 23, 2020

Al Jalila Children’s Genomics Center, Al Jalila Childrens Speciality Hospital

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

-

CeMIA

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The c.937G>T (p.Asp313Tyr) variant, located in exon 6 of the GLA gene, has been previously reported to be associated with Fabry disease (PMID: 20122163, 23393592, 26993117, 7504405), however this variant does not lead to severe organ manifestations as seen in genotypes known to be causal for classical FD (PMID: 27059467). Functional studies support that the variant renders the protein unstable at neutral pH resulting in a pseudodeficiency in plasma, but the enzyme was stable at lysosomal pH, which prompts further investigation to detect a second, causative mutation (PMID: 14635108). The variant was identified in seventeen individuals (7 hemizygous males, 10 heterozygous females), in which only thirteen (6 hemizygous males, 7 heterozygous females) were affected with Fabry disease. The presentation of the disease in the patients indicates that the mutation results in a milder phenotype, with later onset of symptoms. Bioinformatic analysis by SIFT and PolyPhen2 algorithms predicted this mutation as deleterious and probably damaging, respectively. It has been detected in 0.304% alleles worldwide (gnomAD database) and its allele frequency is higher than that expected for Fabry disease. Taking all the above into account and according to ACMG Guidelines (Criteria: PM1, PP2, PP3, BS1, BP5) the variant has contradictory interpretation of pathogenicity, therefore is considered as variant of uncertain significance. -

not provided Uncertain:1 Benign:4 Other:1

Nov 10, 2023

Revvity Omics, Revvity

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Aug 22, 2018

Eurofins Ntd Llc (ga)

Significance: other

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- Variant classified as "other reportable" ??? variant is clinically benign (not associated with disease) but is reported when observed (e.g. pseudodeficiency alleles).

Aug 12, 2024

ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Jun 29, 2017

Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Mar 03, 2015

GeneDx

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

The D313Y variant listed below is associated with pseudodeficiency for alpha-galactosidase A activity. D313Y reduces the in vitro activity of the alpha-galactosidase A enzyme to approximately 60-70% of normal. The presence of the D313Y variant does not cause Fabry disease [Froissart et al. (2003) Mol. Genet. Metab. 80 (3):307-14 (PMID: 14680977); Niemann et al. (2013) JIMD Rep 7 :99-102 (PMID: 23430502)].; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 32246457, 32109691, 32281532, 30477121, 31860127, 31291414, 30830284, 29227985, 28703315, 28988177, 29037082, 28299312, 28276057, 27600940, 29044343, 25382311, 27153395, 26993117, 7504405, 20110537, 23393592, 23935525, 18057066, 14680977, 23430502, 22773828, 18297328, 14635108, 24356988, 22537551, 23219219, 25078086, 21896204, 20122163, 16773563) -

Apr 01, 2023

CeGaT Center for Human Genetics Tuebingen

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

GLA: BP2, BP5, BS3:Supporting, BS1 -

not specified Benign:3

Oct 14, 2024

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

Variant summary: GLA c.937G>T (p.Asp313Tyr) results in a non-conservative amino acid change in the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.0038 in 1210097 control chromosomes, predominantly at a frequency of 0.0044 within the Non-Finnish European subpopulation in the gnomAD database (v4), including 5 homozygotes and 1278 hemizygotes. This frequency is slightly lower than estimated for a pathogenic variant in GLA causing Fabry Disease (0.0038 vs 0.005) however the presence of a high number of hemizygotes suggests a generally benign role for the variant. c.937G>T has been observed in large phenotypic range of patients, from clinically normal to classic Fabry disease patients, including patients with cardiac, renal and cerebrovascular manifestations. Co-occurrences with other pathogenic variant(s) have been reported (GLA c.1232G>A, p.Gly411Asp; GLA c.334C>T, p.Arg112Cys; GLA c.514T>G, p.Cys172Gly; GLA c.811G>A, p.Gly271Ser; GLA c.835C>G , p.Gln279Glu), providing supporting evidence for a benign role. Functional studies have shown that Asp313Tyr does not disrupt enzyme structure, has >90% residual enzyme activity and is stable at lysosomal pH (4.5) (Yasuda_2003). Overall, functional studies suggest that the Asp313Tyr variant is a functional polymorphism rather than a disease-causing variant. Several studies reported the variant to be associated with a risk of neurologic involvement, particularly late-onset cerebrovascular disease, white matter lesions and small fiber neuropathy (e.g. Brouns_2010, Lenders_2010, Effraimidis_2020, Von Cossel_2021). In summary, based on the evidence outlined above, though the Asp313Tyr variant might be associated with a risk for late-onset neurologic manifestations, it does not cause Fabry disease. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 25078086, 20110537, 29044343, 11668641, 20360539, 23219219, 32246457, 7504405, 14680977, 20122163, 9452111, 29037082, 28988177, 23393592, 26415523, 23430502, 29530533, 24829596, 29631605, 33543778, 14635108, 27832731, 32109691, 28276057, 35971858). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 10738). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as benign. -

Aug 02, 2012

Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

p.Asp313Tyr in exon 6 of GLA: This variant is not expected to have clinical sign ificance for cardiomyopathy since it has been identified in 0.4% (29/6728) of Eu ropean American chromosomes from a broad population by the NHLBI Exome Sequencin g Project (http://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/; dbSNP rs28935490). It has been rep orted in patients with clinical manifestations ranging from classic Fabry diseas e to isolated HCM (Eng 1993, Blaydon 2001, Sachdev 2002, Froissart 2003, Yasuda 2003, Morita 2006, Monserrat 2007) and while cell culture studies showed that th e mutant GLA protein retains ~60% of the normal activity, the p.Asp313Tyr varian t renders the protein unstable at neutral pH resulting in a pseudodeficiency in plasma (Yasuda 2003). In males with classic Fabry disease, it usually occurs wit h a second GLA variant (Eng 1993, Yasuda 2003), and is highly likely insufficien t to cause classic Fabry disease in isolation. -

-

PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Benign:3

Jul 26, 2017

Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, UC San Diego Health, University of California San Diego

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Sep 29, 2022

Cohesion Phenomics

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Jun 14, 2016

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Cardiovascular phenotype Uncertain:1 Benign:1

Jan 11, 2018

Ambry Genetics

Significance: Benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

This alteration is classified as benign based on a combination of the following: seen in unaffected individuals, population frequency, intact protein function, lack of segregation with disease, co-occurrence, RNA analysis, in silico models, amino acid conservation, lack of disease association in case-control studies, and/or the mechanism of disease or impacted region is inconsistent with a known cause of pathogenicity. -

Apr 08, 2025

Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Montreal Heart Institute

Significance: Uncertain significance

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

PP2;PP3;BS1;BS3_supp -

Sudden unexplained death Benign:1

Mar 27, 2015

Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: research

The GLA Asp313Tyr variant has been previously reported to be associated with Fabry disease and observed in isolated HCM cases, however this variant is often identified in combination with another variant which is able to explain the disease phenotype (Eng et al., 1993; Sachdev B et al., 2002; Yasuda M et al., 2003; Monserrat L et al., 2007). The population frequency in the Exome Aggregation Consortium dataset (http://exac.broadinstitute.org/) is 0.003 alleles (275/87762); and the frequency in the European (non-Finnish) sub-population is 0.004 (211/48000). We have identified this variant in a 16 yo boy who had a sudden cardiac arrest with no pre-morbid diagnosis and Greek ethnicity. Post-mortem examination was unremarkable and there is no family history of any cardiac disease. Based on the frequency of the GLA Asp313Tyr variant in 0.4% of the population, we do not expect this variant to cause disease in isolation. We therefore classify this variant as "likely benign". -

Cardiomyopathy Benign:1

Apr 19, 2023

CHEO Genetics Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario

Significance: Likely benign

Review Status: criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method: clinical testing

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Benign	0.15
BayesDel_addAF	Benign	-0.11	T
BayesDel_noAF	Uncertain	0.070
CADD	Benign	16
DANN	Uncertain	0.98
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.98	D;.
FATHMM_MKL	Uncertain	0.77	D
LIST_S2	Uncertain	0.88	D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.90	D
MetaRNN	Benign	0.021	T;T
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Uncertain	2.5	M;.
PrimateAI	Benign	0.34	T
PROVEAN	Uncertain	-3.2	D;.
REVEL	Uncertain	0.61
Sift	Uncertain	0.0010	D;.
Sift4G	Pathogenic	0.0010	D;.
Polyphen		1.0	D;.
Vest4		0.24
MVP		0.99
MPC		1.9
ClinPred		0.025	T
GERP RS		-5.0
Varity_R		0.86
gMVP		0.99
Mutation Taster		=57/43	polymorphism (auto)

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.0		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs28935490; hg19: chrX-100653420; COSMIC: COSV54510729; COSMIC: COSV54510729;