rs587780344

Positions:

• chr7-44150025-C-T

Variant summary

Our verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 18 ACMG points: 18P and 0B. PS4 PS1 PP1_Strong PS3_Supporting PP4_Moderate PP2 PP3 PM2_Supporting

This summary comes from the ClinGen Evidence Repository: The c.523G>A variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK causes an amino acid change of Gly to Arg at codon 210 (p.(Gly175Arg)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and has pathogenic missense variants as a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is also predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.965, which is greater than the MDEP VCEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). This variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 8 unrelated individuals with diabetes (PS4; PMID:29944009, 20337973, 26552609, internal lab contributors). This variant was identified in an individual with a clinical history highly specific for GCK-hyperglycemia (FBG 5.5-8 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6 - 7.6% and three-generation, dominant family history of diabetes/hyperglycemia) (PP4_Moderate; internal lab contributors). This variant segregated with diabetes with 5 informative meioses in 4 families with diabetes (PP1_Strong; internal lab contributors). A kinetic analysis of recombinant wild-type (WT) and mutant glucokinase demonstrated that the wild-type kinetic parameters pass the quality control, but the wild-type ATP Km is not between 0.4-0.65, and the p.Gly175Arg variant has Kcat/S0.5<0.5 (PS3_Supporting; PMID 10525657). The nucleotide change c.523G>C, which causes the same amino acid change, has been classified as pathogenic for MODY by the ClinGen MDEP (PS1). In summary, this variant meets the criteria to be classified as Pathogenic for GCK-MODY. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 6/7/2023) : PS4, PP1_Strong, PP4_Moderate, PS3_Supporting, PM2_Supporting, PP2, PP3, PS1. LINK:https://erepo.genome.network/evrepo/ui/classification/CA231137/MONDO:0015967/086

• Frequency:
  • Genomes: not found (cov: 32)
  • Exomes 𝑓: 6.8e-7 (0 hom.)
• Consequence: GCK ENST00000403799.8 missense
• Clinical Significance: Pathogenic reviewed by expert panel P:3 U:1
• Conservation: PhyloP100: 6.16

Genes affected

GCK (HGNC:4195): (glucokinase) This gene encodes a member of the hexokinase family of proteins. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of this gene result in distinct protein isoforms that exhibit tissue-specific expression in the pancreas and liver. In the pancreas, this enzyme plays a role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while in the liver, this enzyme is important in glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen. Mutations in this gene that alter enzyme activity have been associated with multiple types of diabetes and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

ACMG classification

Verdict is Pathogenic. Variant got 18 ACMG points.

• PS1: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PS3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PS4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PM2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP1: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP2: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP3: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.
• PP4: For more information check the summary or visit ClinGen Evidence Repository.

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	MANE	Protein	UniProt
GCK	NM_000162.5	c.523G>A	p.Gly175Arg	missense_variant	5/10	ENST00000403799.8	NP_000153.1
GCK	NM_033507.3	c.526G>A	p.Gly176Arg	missense_variant	5/10		NP_277042.1
GCK	NM_033508.3	c.520G>A	p.Gly174Arg	missense_variant	6/11		NP_277043.1
GCK	NM_001354800.1	c.523G>A	p.Gly175Arg	missense_variant	5/11		NP_001341729.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	#exon/exons	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GCK	ENST00000403799.8	c.523G>A	p.Gly175Arg	missense_variant	5/10	1	NM_000162.5	ENSP00000384247	P1

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes Cov.: 32

GnomAD4 exome AF: 6.84e-7 AC: 1 AN: 1461642 Hom.: 0 Cov.: 33 AF XY: 0.00 AC XY: 0 AN XY: 727082

Gnomad4 AFR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 AMR exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 ASJ exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 EAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 SAS exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 FIN exome AF: 0.00

Gnomad4 NFE exome AF: 8.99e-7

Gnomad4 OTH exome AF: 0.00

GnomAD4 genome Cov.: 32

Bravo AF: 0.00000378

ClinVar

Significance: Pathogenic

Submissions summary: Pathogenic:3 Uncertain:1

Revision: reviewed by expert panel

Submissions by phenotype

Monogenic diabetes Pathogenic:2

Pathogenic, reviewed by expert panel	curation	ClinGen Monogenic Diabetes Variant Curation Expert Panel	Jul 30, 2023	The c.523G>A variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK causes an amino acid change of Gly to Arg at codon 210 (p.(Gly175Arg)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and has pathogenic missense variants as a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is also predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.965, which is greater than the MDEP VCEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). This variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 8 unrelated individuals with diabetes (PS4; PMID: 29944009, 20337973, 26552609, internal lab contributors). This variant was identified in an individual with a clinical history highly specific for GCK-hyperglycemia (FBG 5.5-8 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6 - 7.6% and three-generation, dominant family history of diabetes/hyperglycemia) (PP4_Moderate; internal lab contributors). This variant segregated with diabetes with 5 informative meioses in 4 families with diabetes (PP1_Strong; internal lab contributors). A kinetic analysis of recombinant wild-type (WT) and mutant glucokinase demonstrated that the wild-type kinetic parameters pass the quality control, but the wild-type ATP Km is not between 0.4-0.65, and the p.Gly175Arg variant has Kcat/S0.5<0.5 (PS3_Supporting; PMID 10525657). The nucleotide change c.523G>C, which causes the same amino acid change, has been classified as pathogenic for MODY by the ClinGen MDEP (PS1). In summary, this variant meets the criteria to be classified as Pathogenic for GCK-MODY. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 6/7/2023) : PS4, PP1_Strong, PP4_Moderate, PS3_Supporting, PM2_Supporting, PP2, PP3, PS1. -
Pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp	Oct 27, 2023	Variant summary: GCK c.523G>A (p.Gly175Arg) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the Hexokinase, N-terminal domain (IPR022672) of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant was absent in 250998 control chromosomes (gnomAD). c.523G>A has been reported in the literature in multiple individuals affected with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (Martin_2008, Pruhova_2010). These data indicate that the variant is very likely to be associated with disease. At least two publication reports experimental evidence evaluating an impact on protein function and this variant results in low expressed protein level and enzymatic activity (Gidh-Jain_1993, Davis_1999). The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 8433729, 8068341, 10525657, 8446612, 18411240, 20337973). Two submitters have cited clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014 and classified this variant as pathogenic (classified by ClinGen Monogenic Diabetes Variant Curation Expert Panel) and likely pathogenic. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as pathogenic. -

Maturity onset diabetes mellitus in young Pathogenic:1

Likely pathogenic, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Ambry Genetics

Feb 11, 2021

The p.G175R variant (also known as c.523G>A), located in coding exon 5 of the GCK gene, results from a G to A substitution at nucleotide position 523. The glycine at codon 175 is replaced by arginine, an amino acid with dissimilar properties. This alteration has been reported in multiple individuals with a clinical history consistent with or suspicious for GCK-MODY (Froguel P et al. N Engl J Med, 1993 Mar;328:697-702; Pruhova S et al. Pediatr Diabetes, 2010 Dec;11:529-35; Gozlan Y et al. Pediatr Diabetes, 2012 Sep;13:e14-21; Lunt H et al. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2018 11;12:1248-1249) and has been shown to segregate with disease (Ambry internal data). This variant results in reduced glucokinase activity (Liang Y et al. Biochem J, 1995 Jul;309 ( Pt 1):167-73; Gidh-Jain M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993 Mar;90:1932-6; Davis EA et al. Diabetologia, 1999 Oct;42:1175-86). Based on internal structural analysis, this variant is anticipated to result in a decrease in structural stability (Hinklin RJ et al. J Med Chem, 2014 Oct;57:8180-6). This amino acid position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. In addition, this alteration is predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Based on the majority of available evidence to date, this variant is likely to be pathogenic. -

not provided Uncertain:1

Uncertain significance, criteria provided, single submitter

clinical testing

Genetic Services Laboratory, University of Chicago

Feb 19, 2013

- -

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
AlphaMissense	Pathogenic	0.82
BayesDel_addAF	Pathogenic	0.54	D
BayesDel_noAF	Pathogenic	0.53
CADD	Pathogenic	29
DANN	Pathogenic	1.0
DEOGEN2	Pathogenic	0.97	.;D;.;.;.
Eigen	Pathogenic	0.92
Eigen_PC	Pathogenic	0.88
FATHMM_MKL	Pathogenic	0.97	D
LIST_S2	Pathogenic	0.98	D;D;.;D;D
M_CAP	Pathogenic	0.64	D
MetaRNN	Pathogenic	0.99	D;D;D;D;D
MetaSVM	Pathogenic	1.1	D
MutationAssessor	Pathogenic	3.1	.;M;.;.;.
MutationTaster	Benign	1.0	D;D;D;D
PrimateAI	Pathogenic	0.89	D
PROVEAN	Pathogenic	-4.9	.;D;D;D;D
REVEL	Pathogenic	0.96
Sift	Uncertain	0.0010	.;D;D;D;D
Sift4G	Uncertain	0.0020	D;D;D;D;D
Polyphen		1.0	D;D;D;D;.
Vest4		0.99
MutPred		0.93		.;Gain of solvent accessibility (P = 0.0042);.;.;.;
MVP		0.98
MPC		2.4
ClinPred		1.0	D
GERP RS		5.7
Varity_R		0.89
gMVP		0.98

Splicing

Name	Calibrated prediction	Score	Prediction
SpliceAI score (max)		0.0		Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

LitVar

Other links and lift over

dbSNP: rs587780344; hg19: chr7-44189624;