rs142829768

Variant names:

Variant summary

Our verdict is Benign. The variant received -20 ACMG points: 0P and 20B. BP4_StrongBP6_Very_StrongBS1BS2

The NM_000162.5(GCK):c.46-12C>T variant causes a intron change involving the alteration of a non-conserved nucleotide. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.00315 in 1,613,358 control chromosomes in the GnomAD database, including 17 homozygotes. In-silico tool predicts a benign outcome for this variant. Variant has been reported in ClinVar as Likely benign (★★).

Frequency

Genomes: 𝑓 0.0028 ( 4 hom., cov: 32)

Exomes 𝑓: 0.0032 ( 13 hom. )

Consequence

GCK
NM_000162.5 intron

Scores

Splicing: ADA: 0.00001948

Clinical Significance

Benign/Likely benign criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts B:13

Conservation

PhyloP100: -0.362

Publications

2 publications found

Variant links:

Genes affected

GCK (HGNC:4195): (glucokinase) This gene encodes a member of the hexokinase family of proteins. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of this gene result in distinct protein isoforms that exhibit tissue-specific expression in the pancreas and liver. In the pancreas, this enzyme plays a role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while in the liver, this enzyme is important in glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen. Mutations in this gene that alter enzyme activity have been associated with multiple types of diabetes and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

GCK Gene-Disease associations (from GenCC):

hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency
Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG, SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics, Orphanet
maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2
Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE, STRONG Submitted by: Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Genomics England PanelApp, Ambry Genetics
monogenic diabetes
Inheritance: AD Classification: DEFINITIVE Submitted by: ClinGen
diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent
Inheritance: AD Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1
Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG, MODERATE Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp, Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Ambry Genetics
transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
Inheritance: AR Classification: STRONG Submitted by: Genomics England PanelApp
maturity-onset diabetes of the young
Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet
permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus
Inheritance: AD Classification: SUPPORTIVE Submitted by: Orphanet

GCK links:

Genome browser will be placed here

ACMG classification

Classification was made for transcript

Our verdict: Benign. The variant received -20 ACMG points.

BP4

Computational evidence support a benign effect (BayesDel_noAF=-0.85).

BP6

Variant 7-44153475-G-A is Benign according to our data. Variant chr7-44153475-G-A is described in ClinVar as Benign/Likely_benign. ClinVar VariationId is 36222.Status of the report is criteria_provided_multiple_submitters_no_conflicts, 2 stars.

BS1

Variant frequency is greater than expected in population nfe. GnomAd4 allele frequency = 0.00278 (424/152294) while in subpopulation NFE AF = 0.00344 (234/68024). AF 95% confidence interval is 0.00308. There are 4 homozygotes in GnomAd4. There are 240 alleles in the male GnomAd4 subpopulation. Median coverage is 32. This position passed quality control check.

BS2

High Homozygotes in GnomAd4 at 4 AR,AD gene

Transcripts

RefSeq

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	Effect	Exon rank	MANE	Protein
GCK	NM_000162.5 link	c.46-12C>T	intron_variant	Intron 1 of 9	ENST00000403799.8	NP_000153.1
GCK	NM_033507.3 link	c.49-12C>T	intron_variant	Intron 1 of 9		NP_277042.1
GCK	NM_033508.3 link	c.43-12C>T	intron_variant	Intron 2 of 10		NP_277043.1
GCK	NM_001354800.1 link	c.46-12C>T	intron_variant	Intron 1 of 10		NP_001341729.1

Ensembl

Gene	Transcript	HGVSc	HGVSp	Effect	Exon rank	TSL	MANE	Protein	Appris	UniProt
GCK	ENST00000403799.8 link	c.46-12C>T		intron_variant	Intron 1 of 9	1	NM_000162.5	ENSP00000384247.3

Frequencies

GnomAD3 genomes

AF:

0.00279

AC:

424

AN:

152176

Hom.:

Cov.:

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR

AF:

0.000338

Gnomad AMI

AF:

0.00

Gnomad AMR

AF:

0.000131

Gnomad ASJ

AF:

0.000288

Gnomad EAS

AF:

0.00

Gnomad SAS

AF:

0.000622

Gnomad FIN

AF:

0.0158

Gnomad MID

AF:

0.00

Gnomad NFE

AF:

0.00344

Gnomad OTH

AF:

0.000958

GnomAD2 exomes

AF:

0.00375

AC:

939

AN:

250260

AF XY:

0.00380

show subpopulations

Gnomad AFR exome

AF:

0.000370

Gnomad AMR exome

AF:

0.000260

Gnomad ASJ exome

AF:

0.000797

Gnomad EAS exome

AF:

0.00

Gnomad FIN exome

AF:

0.0151

Gnomad NFE exome

AF:

0.00508

Gnomad OTH exome

AF:

0.00196

GnomAD4 exome

AF:

0.00318

AC:

4651

AN:

1461064

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.00319

AC XY:

2318

AN XY:

726854

show subpopulations

African (AFR)

AF:

0.000179

AC:

AN:

33478

American (AMR)

AF:

0.000313

AC:

AN:

44724

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ)

AF:

0.000383

AC:

AN:

26132

East Asian (EAS)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

39698

South Asian (SAS)

AF:

0.000301

AC:

AN:

86252

European-Finnish (FIN)

AF:

0.0160

AC:

844

AN:

52672

Middle Eastern (MID)

AF:

0.000174

AC:

AN:

5760

European-Non Finnish (NFE)

AF:

0.00323

AC:

3597

AN:

1111960

Other (OTH)

AF:

0.00253

AC:

153

AN:

60388

Allele Balance Distribution

Red line indicates average allele balance

Average allele balance: 0.520

Heterozygous variant carriers

288

577

865

1154

1442

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

0.95

Allele balance

Age Distribution

Exome Het

Exome Hom

Variant carriers

120

240

360

480

600

<30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-50

50-55

55-60

60-65

65-70

70-75

75-80

>80

Age

GnomAD4 genome

AF:

0.00278

AC:

424

AN:

152294

Hom.:

Cov.:

AF XY:

0.00322

AC XY:

240

AN XY:

74462

show subpopulations

African (AFR)

AF:

0.000337

AC:

AN:

41562

American (AMR)

AF:

0.000131

AC:

AN:

15298

Ashkenazi Jewish (ASJ)

AF:

0.000288

AC:

AN:

3472

East Asian (EAS)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

5180

South Asian (SAS)

AF:

0.000623

AC:

AN:

4816

European-Finnish (FIN)

AF:

0.0158

AC:

168

AN:

10626

Middle Eastern (MID)

AF:

0.00

AC:

AN:

294

European-Non Finnish (NFE)

AF:

0.00344

AC:

234

AN:

68024

Other (OTH)

AF:

0.000948

AC:

AN:

2110

Allele Balance Distribution

Red line indicates average allele balance

Average allele balance: 0.515

Heterozygous variant carriers

112

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

0.95

Allele balance

Age Distribution

Genome Het

Genome Hom

Variant carriers

<30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-50

50-55

55-60

60-65

65-70

70-75

75-80

>80

Age

Alfa

AF:

0.00258

Hom.:

Bravo

AF:

0.00163

ClinVar

Significance: Benign/Likely benign

Submissions summary: Benign:13

Revision: criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

LINK: link

Submissions by phenotype

not provided

Benign:4

Jun 05, 2024

ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

Jan 27, 2025

Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

Jul 27, 2018

Athena Diagnostics

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

Apr 20, 2020

GeneDx

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

not specified

Benign:3

Jan 08, 2025

Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

Variant summary: GCK c.46-12C>T alters a non-conserved nucleotide located at a position not widely known to affect splicing. Consensus agreement among computation tools (TraP) predict no significant impact on normal splicing. However, these predictions have yet to be confirmed by functional studies. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.0038 in 250260 control chromosomes, predominantly at a frequency of 0.0051 within the Non-Finnish European subpopulation in the gnomAD database, including 2 homozygotes. The observed variant frequency within Non-Finnish European control individuals in the gnomAD database is approximately 204-fold of the estimated maximal expected allele frequency for a pathogenic variant in GCK causing maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 phenotype (2.5e-05). c.46-12C>T has been reported in the literature (PMID: 8454109, 8433729, 8068341). These report(s) do not provide unequivocal conclusions about association of the variant with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 8454109, 8433729, 8068341, 7555485, 16963153, 18271687). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 36222). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as benign. -

Jul 29, 2015

Genetic Services Laboratory, University of Chicago

Significance:Likely benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

- -

Maturity onset diabetes mellitus in young

Benign:2

Clinical Genomics, Uppaluri K&H Personalized Medicine Clinic

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:research

Potent mutations in GCK gene is associated with poor secretion of insulin. Its associated with milder forms of diabetes, which can be controlled by diet . However, there is no sufficient evidence to ascertain the significance of rs142829768 in MODY, yet. -

Feb 11, 2015

Ambry Genetics

Significance:Likely benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

This alteration is classified as likely benign based on a combination of the following: seen in unaffected individuals, population frequency, intact protein function, lack of segregation with disease, co-occurrence, RNA analysis, in silico models, amino acid conservation, lack of disease association in case-control studies, and/or the mechanism of disease or impacted region is inconsistent with a known cause of pathogenicity. -

Transient Neonatal Diabetes, Recessive

Benign:1

Jan 13, 2018

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance:Likely benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

This variant was observed in the ICSL laboratory as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. It had not been previously curated by ICSL or reported in the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD: prior to June 1st, 2018), and was therefore a candidate for classification through an automated scoring system. Utilizing variant allele frequency, disease prevalence and penetrance estimates, and inheritance mode, an automated score was calculated to assess if this variant is too frequent to cause the disease. Based on the score and internal cut-off values, a variant classified as likely benign is not then subjected to further curation. The score for this variant resulted in a classification of likely benign for this disease. -

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2

Benign:1

Jan 13, 2018

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance:Benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

This variant was observed in the ICSL laboratory as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. It had not been previously curated by ICSL or reported in the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD: prior to June 1st, 2018), and was therefore a candidate for classification through an automated scoring system. Utilizing variant allele frequency, disease prevalence and penetrance estimates, and inheritance mode, an automated score was calculated to assess if this variant is too frequent to cause the disease. Based on the score and internal cut-off values, a variant classified as benign is not then subjected to further curation. The score for this variant resulted in a classification of benign for this disease. -

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus

Benign:1

Jan 13, 2018

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance:Likely benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency

Benign:1

Jan 13, 2018

Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina

Significance:Likely benign

Review Status:criteria provided, single submitter

Collection Method:clinical testing

Computational scores

Source: dbNSFP v4.3

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

BayesDel_noAF

Benign

-0.85

CADD

Benign

8.6

(source)

DANN

Benign

0.50

PhyloP100

-0.36

Mutation Taster

=100/0

polymorphism

(source)

Splicing

Name

Calibrated prediction

Score

Prediction

dbscSNV1_ADA

Benign

0.000019

dbscSNV1_RF

Benign

0.010

SpliceAI score (max)

0.0

Details are displayed if max score is > 0.2

Find out detailed SpliceAI scores and Pangolin per-transcript scores at spliceailookup.broadinstitute.org

Publications

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Variant summary

Frequency

Consequence

Scores

Clinical Significance

Conservation

Publications

ACMG classification

Transcripts

RefSeq

Ensembl

Frequencies

Age Distribution

Age Distribution

ClinVar

Submissions by phenotype

Computational scores

Splicing

Publications

Other links and lift over